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Lucretius
disease caused by invisible living creatures
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Aristotle
Spontaneous generation: organisms arise de novo from nonliving sources
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Galen
imbalance between 4 humours (blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile) caused disease
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Girolamo Fracastoro
invisible organisms ("germs") caused disease such as syphillis
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Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
"Father of Microbiology"; Drew and described bacteria and protozoa; described in royal society of London transactions
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Robert Hooke
Published first drawing of microorganism in Micrographia
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Agostino Bassi de Lodi
silkworm disease caused by fungus
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Johannes Van Helmont
- Mice from Wheat
- Pro Spontaneous Generation
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John Needham
- "Vital force" from infusions
- Pro Spontaneous Generation
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Georges Leclerc, comte de Buffon
Pro Spontaneous Generation
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Louis Joblot
- Found microbes in hay infusions; described protozoa
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Francisco Redi
- Maggots do not arise spontaneously
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Schroder, van Dusch
- filtered air
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Theodor Schwann
- Discovered yeast were living cells, and fermentation a biological process
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Schleiden
- with Schwann proposed the Cell Theory
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Shultze
- heated air
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Lazzaro Spallazani
- Air may carry germs; described bacterial binary fission
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Anton Lavoisier
- Air contains oxygen; not enough oxygen in closed flask to support microbes
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Louis Pasteur
- Final refutation of spontaneous generation; also worked with anthrax
- Con Spontaneous Generation
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Ignaz Semmelweis
hand washing prevents puerperal fever; used chlorine as antiseptic
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Joseph Lister
Sterilization of instruments with heat; use of phenol as antiseptic
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Robert Koch
Found spore-like bodies in Bacillus anthracis; developed postulates relating causative agent to disease; developed methods of growing pure cultures of bacteria
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Fannie Eilshemius Hesse & Walther Hesse
used agar to solidify media
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Richard Petri
developed container to hold solidified media
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John Tyndall
Heat-resistant life forms present; Dust does carry microbes
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Ferdinand Cohn
Named heat-resistant forms of bacteria "endospores"
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Sergei Winogradsky
Described lithotrophy; used model ecosystem
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Martinius Beijerinck
Use of enrichment cultures; described nitrogen fixation
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Ronald Atlas
modern methods of microbial ecology; involved with Deepwater Horizon oil spill
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Rita Colwell
Worked with Vibrios; marine microbiology; coined "viable but nonculturable bacteria"
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Lynn Marguelis
Endosymbiont hypothesis; parasitic bacteria in eukaryotes gave rise to mitochondria and chloroplasts
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Thomas Brock
Discovered archaeons
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Norm Pace
Sequenced thermophiles
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Carl Woese
Described archaeons; used 16s rRNA to characterize species; developed "domains"
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J. Craig Venter
First to sequence bacterial genomes (Haemophilus influenzae)
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Claire Fraser
Sequenced bacterial genomes with venter
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Karen Nelson
showed lateral gene transfer from archaeons to bacteria; sequenced Thermotoga maritima
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Hamilton Smith--Nobel Laureate
for co-discovery of restriction enzymes; First to sequence bacterial genomes (Haemophilus influenzae) in 1994-95 with venter
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Terry Hazen
Work with Deepwater Horizon Oil spill
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D. Jay Grimes
work with deepwater Horizon Oil Spill; work with vibrios
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Friedrich Miescher
discovered nuclein (nucleic acid)
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Frederick Griffith
Transformation; suggested that DNA might be genetic material
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George Beadle and Edward Tatum
Used ascomycete Neurospora crassa to formulate One gene, one enzyme/polypeptide hypothesis
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Barbara McClintock and Harriet Creighton
discovered “jumping genes” (transposons) in maize
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Oswald Avery, Maclyn McCarty, Colin MacLeod
“Transforming agent” was DNA
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Erwin Chargaff
[A]=[T] and [G]=[C], but [A+T]ǂ[G+C]
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Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase
Bacteriophage and blender expt. suggested DNA as genetic material
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Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin
X-ray diffraction of DNA
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James Watson and Francis Crick
molecular model of DNA as double helix
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Severo Ochoa and Marianne Grunberg-Manago
discover polynucleotide phosphorylase, which adds bases to RNA
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Paul Zamecnik
discovered ribosomes
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Mahlon Hoagland, Paul Zamecnik and Francis Crick
describe translation
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Mathew Meselson and Franklin Stahl
DNA replicates semi-conservatively
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Arthur Kornberg, IR Lehrman, MJ Bessman, and Ernest S. Simms
Discover DNA polymerase III as enzyme involved in DNA replication
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Francis Crick
coined “Central dogma”
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Carl Woese, Francis Crick, and Leslie Orgel
propose life started with RNA and evolved to DNA
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Marshall Mirenberg and Heinrich Matthaei
describe triplet genetic code
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Jacques Monod, Francois Jacob, and Andre Lwoff
describe regulation of genes involved in degradation of lactose
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H.Gobind Khorana
Assigned triplet codons to individual amino acids
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Howard Temin and David Baltimore
independently discover viral RNA-dependent DNA polymerase (reverse transcriptase)
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Lynn Dalgarno and John Shine and Joan Steitz
define ribosomal binding site
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Thomas Cech and Sid Altman
discover autocatalytic processes in RNA
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Enzo di Fabrizio
takes first electron micrograph photograph of DNA strands
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Koch Postulate's
- 1. Microorganism present in every case of disease
- 2. Microorganism must be grown in pure culture
- 3. Same disease when second host inoculated with pure culture
- 4. The microorganism must be isolated from the infected host
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Molecular Postulate's (Stanley Falkow)
- 1. Virulence trait seen with pathogenic strains, not nonpathogenic strains.
- 2. Inactivation of gene(s) associated with virulence decrease(s) pathogenicity
- 3. Replacement of the mutated gene with wild-type gene restores pathogenicity.
- 4. Gene should be expressed some time during infection & disease process
- 5. Antibodies/immune system cells directed against gene products protect host.
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