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What are infective agents?
- Bacteria
- Virus
- Fungi
- Parasites
- Protozoa
- Prions
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How do you classify bacteria?
- Shape
- Size
- Cell wall
- O2 Requirements
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What is a prion and what is one example?
- A small proteinaceous infectious disease-causing agent that is believed to be the smallest infectious particle. Contains no genetic material
- No treatment available
- Creutzfelt Jakob Disease (Mad Cow Disease)
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What are the components of the Infection Cycle?
- Infectious agent
- Reservoir
- Portal of Exit
- Transmission
- Portal of Entry
- Susceptible host
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What are the modes of transmission?
- Contact: Direct, Indirect, and Fomite
- Airborne:
- Droplet:
- Vector-borne: west nile virus, Lymes disease
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What are common portals of exit and entry?
- respiratory
- gastrointestinal
- genitourinary
- breaks in the skin
- blood and tissue
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What are some determining factors for a susceptible host?
- Age
- Immunity: acquired or natural
- health habits
- general health status
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How do you tell the difference between a local and systemic infection?
- Local: edema, erythema, exudate
- Systemic: febrile, fatigue, anorexia, lynph node enlargement, inflammatory response throughout the body
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What are the three duration periods of an infection?
- Acute: fast onset and short infection resulting in healing
- Chronic: lasts longer than 6 months, such as osteomyelitis
- Latent: Takes time to show s/s such as Mad Cow Disease
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What are the stages of infection?
- Incubation Period: time of exposure until time of first s/s
- Prodromal Stage: most infectious stage, general and vague s/s
- Stage of Illness: s/s of illness
- Convalescent Stage: recovery
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What are the three lines of defense against illness?
- Primary line of defense: normal flora, mucus membranes, pH balance, anatomical features that limit entry
- Secondary line of defense: inflammatory response
- Third line of defense: activation of immune responses against specific, recognized invaders
- -humoral immunity: B lymphocytes-->allergies
- -Cell-mediated response: T lymphocytes
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What is a normal WBC?
5,000-10,000 mm3
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What are some factors that support host defense?
- nutrition
- hygiene
- rest and exercise
- stress reduction
- immunizations
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What are some risk factors for infection?
- developmental stage
- breaks in the first line of defense
- illness or injury
- smoking
- substance abuse
- multiple sexual partners
- environmental factors
- chronic disease
- medications
- nursing and medical procedures
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What do the ESR and C-reactive protein labs test for?
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate and c-reactive protein labs are markers to tell if the inflammation response is occuring
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What are the lab values for a WBC with differential?
- Neutrophils-60-80%
- Monocytes-10%
- Lymphocytes-10%
- Eosinophils-3-5%
- Basophils-2-4%
- elevated neutrophils are a sign of infection
- elevated eosinophils are a sign of allergic response
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What is the difference between medical and surgical asepsis?
- Medical asepsis: clean technique
- surgical asepsis: sterile technique
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Who is responsible for creating infection control precautions?
- OSHA regulations for universal precautions
- current CDC guidelines
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What is the Tier One CDC Guidelines?
- Standard Precautions
- -follow hand hygiene techniques
- -wear clean nonsterile gloves
- -wear PPE equipment when necessary
- -Avoid recapping needles
- -handle soiled patient care equipment carefully
- -Review room assignments
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What are the tier two CDC guidelines?
- -used for patients with known or suspected to be infected or colonized with infectious agents
- -use in addition to standard precautions
- *Contact Precautions (most common)
- *Droplet Precautions
- *Airborn Precautions
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What is protective isolation?
It protects an immuno-compromised patient from organisms brought in by healthcare workers and visitors
ex: neutropenia
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What is an HAI?
A hospital acquired illness
often a UTI or pneumonia
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