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Belladona Source
- dried leaf and flowering/fruiting top of Atropa belladonna
- perennial herb indigenous to C. and S. Europe and cultivated through the rest of the temperate or subtropical world
- major sources: Balkans and Henbane
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Belladona Color
white, crystalline
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chemical structure of S-Hyoscyamine
- contains tropane ring and teritary amine
- equatorial methyl is favored
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scopolamine structure
- tropane ring
- epoxide ring
- axial methyl favored
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first product in tropane alkaloid biosynthesis
L-ornithine
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belladonna alkaloid PD receptor
- antagonize M1-M5 muscarinic receptors
- nonselective
- no effect at nicotinic receptors
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belladonna alkaloids and GI
- inhibit motility
- decrease tone, amplitude, and frequency of peristaltic contractions
- antisecretory (xerostomia)
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belladonna alkaloids and genitourinary
- dilates pelves, calyces, and reters
- decrease tone and amplitude of contracitons of the rureters and bladder
- promote urinary retention
- inhibits penile erections (inhibits vasodilation)
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belladonna alkaloids and CV
blocks vagal inhibiton at sinoatrial node - tachycardia
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belladonna alkaloids and CNS
- stimulate medulla and higher cerebral centers
- disorientation, delirum, hallucinations, medullary depression, coma, death
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scopolamine and CNS
produces CNS depression at therapeutic doses
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source of scopolamine
mandrake
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production of ipratropium
quaternization of tertiary nitrogen atom of atropine with isopropyl bromide
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