-
3 ER function
- synthesis of fatty acids
- metabolism of carbo
- detoxification
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plasma membrane function
encloses the cell
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3 Golgi apparatus function
- modification of prot/carbo/phospholip
- producing polysacc
- sorting and releasing products
-
lysosome function
breakdown of substances to recycle
-
4 vacuole function
- digestion
- storage
- disposal
- cell growth
-
mitochondrion function
cell resp (powerhouse of the cell)
-
chloroplast function
aids in photosynthesis
-
peroxisome function
contains enzymes that produce hydrogen peroxide by combining H with O
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3 organelles found in animal cells but not plant cells
- lysosomes
- centrosomes
- flagella
-
4 organelles that are found in plant cell and not animal cells
- chloroplast
- central vacuole
- cell wall
- plasmodesmata
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control
an experiment whose result is known and well established
-
positive/negative control
an experiment whose result will always test positive/negative
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necessary
if when we take something out, the phenomenon we are studying is disrupted
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sufficient
if adding something to a system it causes a change which we will study
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example of sufficient and necessary
- N-sperm is necessary for development of an embryo
- S-eating garlic is sufficient for bad breath but not necessary because there could be other factors
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4 levels of protein structures
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5 generalities of viruses being model organism
- proteins in DNA/RNA/protein syn
- gene reg
- transport of proteins and organelles inside cells
- infection/immunity
- gene therapy
-
4 generalities of bacteria being model organism
- proteins in DNA/RNA/protein syn
- gene reg
- target for new antibiotics
- cell cycle signal
-
5 reasons why we study model organisms
- available
- rapid reproducing
- amenable to genetic manipulations
- transparent
- cheap
-
6 generalities of yeast being a model organism
- control cell cyc/div
- protein secretion
- membrane biogenesis
- cell differentiation
- aging
- gene reg
-
7 generalities of roundworm being a model organism
- development of body plan
- cell lineage
- form/func of NS
- control of programmed cell death
- grow/multiply rapidly
- aging
- gene reg
-
7 generalities of fruitfly being a model organism
- develop of body plan
- gen of differentiated cell lineages
- form of NS/Heart
- programmed cell death
- genetic control of behavior
- grow/multiply rapidly
- effect of drugs/alcohol
-
3 generalities of zebra fish being a model organism
- develop of vertebrate body tissues
- form/func of brain/NS
- birth defects/cancer
-
5 generalities of plants being a model organism
- develop/pattern of tissues
- physiology
- gene reg
- immunity
- infectious diseases
-
5 generalities of mouse being a model organism
- develop of body tissues
- func of mammal immune system
- form/func of brain and nervous sys
- models of human diseases
- gene reg and inheritance
-
resolution
the ability to distinguish between 2 very closely positioned objects
-
resolution of light microscope is
.2 micrometers, its limited by the WV of light
-
a light compound microscope is used for what type of microscopy
bright field
-
4 types of regular light microscopy techniques
- bright field
- cross polarized light
- dark field
- phase contrast
-
this type of contrast comes from absorbance of light in the sample
bright field
-
this type of contrast comes from light scattered by the sample
dark field
-
this type of contrast comes from the rotation of polarized light through the sample
cross polarized light
-
this type of contrast comes from interference of different path lengths of light through the sample
phase contrast
-
the contrast comes from absorbance of light in a sample
bright field illumination
-
3 techniques generate contrast by taking advantage of difference in the refractive index and thcikness of cellular materials
- bright field
- dic
- phase contrast
-
technique of microscopy that is based on the inference of polarized light
DIC
-
technique of microscopy that is good for small details and thick objects
DIC
-
technique of microscopy that is created by brightness or darkness depending on refractive index of the area
phase contrast
-
technique of microscopy that is good for single cells or thin tissue
-
resolution of electron microscope
.1nm
-
use of electron microscope
localize the proteins in sub cellular scale
-
"light" used for electron microscopy
electron beam
-
how is the presence detected from the electron microscopy?
- the sample is labeled with a heavy metal
- the electron beams hit the metal and produces the image
-
FACS
fluorescence activated cell sorter
-
the cloud of points near zero represent
background levels of of the proteins being sorter, basically noise
-
why do we use several antibodies?
what are the function?
to identify the protein of interest that has an attached primary antibody, and the secondary antibody that is specific for the species in which the primary antibody was created
-
3 steps of immunohistochemistry protocol
- prepare and place on microscope slide
- incubate with primary antibody, wash away unbound antibody
- incubate the fluorochrome conjugated secondary antibody, wash away unbound antibodies
- mount specimen and observe in fluoro microscope
-
overton hypothesis/objective
knew the concept of (non)polar and reasoned that what entered the cell would have to dissolve the outer boundary
-
overton experiment
- placed root hairs into hundreds of diff solutions
- discovered the more lipid soluble the solution the more rapidly it would enter the root hair cells
-
overton conclusion
the outer boundary matched a fatty oil
-
gorten and grendel hypothesis
is the PM were really a bilayer then its surface area should be half that occupied by the lipids spread out in a mono
-
gorten and grendel experiment
- extracted lipids from erythrocyte membranes
- spread the lipids out
- measured the monolayer surface areas
-
gorten and grendel conclusion
the cell mono surface area ratio was 1:2, confirming their bilayer model of the plasma membrane
-
fluid mosaic model
core lipid bilayer exists in a fluid state capable of movement
-
membrane proteins form a mosaic of particles penetrating lipids
fluid mosaic model
-
5 functions of the cell membrane
- regulates passage in and out
- detect chem messengers at surface
- link adjacent cells together
- anchors cells to the extracellular matrix
- anchors the cell to cytoskeleton
-
2 types of phospholipids in aqueous solution
-
3 common membrane lipids
- phosphoglycerides
- sphingolipids
- cholesterol
-
two faces of cellular membranes
-
cytosolic face faces in towards the cell, the exoplasmic faces outward on the cell
-
those inside the cell exhibit exo and cyto faces, during exo and endocytosis the inside engulfing's outside is the cyto while the inside contains the exo because it invaginated which caused this change
-
in the cell cytosolic face is outside/exo is in
out of the cell the cyto face is inside and exo is out
-
most abundant class of lipids in most mem
phosphoglycerides
-
structure of phosphoglycerides
fatty acid chains that have 16-18 C and 0-3 C=C
-
4 head groups that classify phosphoglycerides
- choline
- ethanolamine
- serine
- inositol
-
have a phosphate based polar chain
sphingolipids
-
2 kinds of sphingolipids
- sphingomyelin
- glycosphingolipids
-
basic structure has a four ring carbon
steroids
-
sterol: yeast, plant, animal
- ergosterol
- phtyosterol
- cholesterol
-
3 characteristics to cholesterol
- amphipathic
- absent from prokary and plant cells
- too hydrophobic
-
50-90% of mammalian cholesterol is in membranes
-
function of lipid rafts
cholesterol and sphingolipids packed together to form rafts that float w/in a more fluid and disordered environment
-
-
how to isolate the proteins in the cell mem
freeze fracture-divides the phospholipid leaflets of the membrane
-
what determines the blood group
the kind og oligosaccharide chain that are attached to membrane lipids and proteins
-
Blood type compatible/ no compatibility
- A-A or O/ anti-b antibodies
- B-B or O/ anti-a antibodies
- AB-all/ none
- O-O/ anti -a & -b
-
4 experiments that show the protein distribution in the membrane
- freeze fracture
- enzymatic digestion
- antibodies
- sequencing
- solubilizing mem proteins
-
-
-
-
-
channels ( think of the stuff that is permeable to it)
-
-
-
the opening and closing of ion channels results from conform changes in integral proteins
-
once ion channels open the ions move following charge/electrical and conc/chemical forces
-
ion channels can either be open always or regulated
-
dont move as many molecules as channels do because of binding and confor shifts
-
cotransport
the movement of 2 molecules moving out/in of the cell at the same time (secondary active transport)
-
symport
movement of 2 molecules out/in the cell at the same time in the same direction
-
antiport
movement of 2 molecules out/in the cell at the same time in different directions
-
nernst equation
Eion=(59/z)log10(out/in)
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