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ADHD
attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
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CNS
central nervous system
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CVA
cerebrovascular accident
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GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
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OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
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PSTD
posttraumatic stress disorder
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TIA
transient ischemic attack
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affect
emotional feeling or mood
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Alzheimer disease
disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death
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analgesic
a drug that relieves pain
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anorexia nervosa
a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one's body weight, as evidenced by an overwhelming fear of becoming fat that results in a refusal to eat and body weight well below normal
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anticonvulsant
agent that prevents or lessens convulsion
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anxiolytic agents
drugs used to reduce anxiety
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apathy
lack of interest or display of emotion
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aphasia
- impairment bc of localized brain injury that affects the understanding, retrieving, and formulating of meaningful and sequential elements of language, as demonstrated by an inability to use or comprehend words
- occurs as a result of a stroke, head trauma, or disease
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attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
a dysfunction characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibilty, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home, or work
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autism
- a developmental disability, commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting brain function, as evidenced by difficulties with verbal and nonverbal communication and an inability to relate to anything beyond oneself in social interactions
- persons with autism often exhibit body movements such as rocking repetitive hand movements
- persons commonly become preoccupied with observing
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autonomic nervous system
nerves that carry involuntary impulses to SM, cardiac muscle, and various glands
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bipolar disorder
- an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
- extreme up and down states
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bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion though induced vomiting, use of laxatives, or excessive exercise
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catatonia
a state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
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central nervous system
brain and spinal cord
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cerebral palsy
- condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth
- characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle
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cerebrospinal fluid
plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
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cerebrovascular accident
disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
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chemotherapy
treatment of malignancies, infections, and other diseases with chemical agents to destroy selected cells or impair their ability to reproduce
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convulsion
- to pull together
- type of seizure that causes a series of sudden involuntary contractions of muscle
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craniectomy
excision of part of the skull to approach the brain
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craniotomy
incision into skull to approach the brain
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delirium
- a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function
- the many causes include fever, shock, and drug overdose
- deliro= to draw the furrow awry when plowing, to go off the rails
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delusion
a persistent belief that has no basis in reality
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dementia
- an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
- dementio= to be mad
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dyslexia
a developmental disability characterized by difficulty understanding written or spoken words, sentences, or paragraphs that affects reading, spelling, and self-expression
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dysphasia
difficulty in swallowing
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dysphoria
a restless, dissatisfied mood
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dysthymia
a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression
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electroencephalogram
- record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain
- used to identify neurologic conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness
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encephalitis
inflammation of the brain
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epilepsy
- disorder affecting the CNS
- characterized by recurrent seizures
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euphoria
an exaggerated, unfounded felling of well-being
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generalized anxiety disorder
- the most common anxiety disorder
- characterized by chronic, excessive, uncontrollable worry about everyday problems
- affects the ability to relax or concentrate, but does not usually interfere with social interactions or employment
- physical symptoms include muscle tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, headaches, nausea, and insomnia
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grandiose
a person's false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power
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delusion
a persistent belief that has no basis in reality
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hallucination
- a false perception of the senses for which there is no reality
- most commonly hearing or seeing things
- alucinor= to wander in mind
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hemiparesis
partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
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hemiplegia
paralysis on one side of the body
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hydrocephalus
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor
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hyperesthesia
increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
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hypnotic
agent that induces sleep
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hypochondriasis
a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
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ideation
the formation of thoughts or ideas, such as suicidal ideation
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lumbar puncture
- introduction of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, such as to obtain CSF for testing
- also called spinal tap
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mania
state of abnormal elation and increased activity
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meninges
the three membranes covering the brain
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meningitis
inflammation of the meninges
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multiple sclerosis (MS)
disease of the CNS characterized by the demylination (deterioration of the myelin sheath) of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurologic dysfunction (exacerbation) followed by recovery (remission)
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myasthenia gravis
- autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength
- activity resumes and strength returns after a period of rest
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myelitis
inflammation of the spinal cord
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narcolepsy
sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis (cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake (hypnagogic hallucinations
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neural tube defects
congenital deformities of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube, the embryonic structure that forms the nervous system
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neuralgia
pain along the course of a nerve
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neuroleptic agents
drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
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neurosis
a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent
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obsessive-compulsive disorder
- an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanied by repeated compulsions
- can interfere with all aspects of a person's daily life
- ex: the thought that a door is not locked causing repetitive checking to make sure it is locked or thoughts that one's body has been contaminated causing repetitive washing
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paraplegia
paralysis from the wait down
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parasympathetic nervous system
- division of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in ordinary conditions
- it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
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paresthesia
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective causes
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parkinson disease
- condition of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine (a chemical NT necessary for proper movement)
- characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and slow movements (bradykinesia)
- usually occurs later in life
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partial seizure
seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
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peripheral nervous system
nerves that branch from the CNS including nerves of the brain (cranial nerves) and spinal cord (spinal nerves)
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poliomyelitis
- inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
- polio = gray
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polyneurtitis
inflammation involving 2 or more nerves, often caused by a nutritional deficiency, such as a lack of thiamine
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post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
- a condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal
- may occur after a war, violent personal assault, physical, or sexual abuse, serious accident , or natural disaster
- symptoms: feelings of fear, detachment, exaggerated startle response, restlessness, nightmares, and avoidance of anything or anyone who triggers the painful recollections
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psychosis
a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's enviornment
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psychotherapy
treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with pts, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
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psychotrophic drugs
medications used to treat mental illness
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Quadriplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
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schizophrenia
- a disease of the brain chemistry causing a distorted cognitive and emotional perceptions of one's environment
- symptoms include: distortions of normal function (such as disorganized thought, delusions, hallucinations, and catatonic behavior ) flat affect, apathy, and withdrawal from reality
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seizure
- sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses
- may or may not be associated with convulsion
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sleep apnea
periods of breathing cessation (10 seconds or more) that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
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spina bifida
- defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching off the meninges ( meningocele) or of the meninges and spinal cord (meningomyelocele)
- considered to be the most common neural tube defect
- spina= spine
- bifida = split into 2 parts
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stroke
damage to the brain caused cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus (ischemic stroke) or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm (hemorrhagic stroke)
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sympathetic nervous system
division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body instressful or emergency situations
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tactile stimulation
evoking a response by touching
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tonic-clonic seizure
- stiffening-jerking
- a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups
- grand mal (big bad) seizure
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transient ischemic attack
- brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit (impairment)
- often precedes a CVA
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cerebr/o
- cerebrum
- largest part of the brain
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mening/o
meningi/o
meninges (membrane)
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myel/o
spinal cord or bone marrow
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phob/o
exaggerated fear or sensitivity
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phren/o
psych/o
thym/o
mind
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somn/o
somn/i
hypn/o
sleep
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spondyl/o
vertebr/o
vertebra
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tax/o
order or coordination
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thalam/o
thalamus (a room)
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ventricul/o
ventricle (belly or pouch)
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-mania
condition or abnormal impulse toward
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-paresis
slight paralysis
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