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primary emotions
- evolutionarily adaptive, shared across cultures
- include anger, fear, sadness, disgust, happiness
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5 secondary emotions
- blends of primary emotions
- remorse, guilt, shame, submission, anticipation
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valance
how positive/negative an emotion is
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activation
how arousing an emotion is
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James-Lange Theory
As a direct result of physical reactions, we feel emotion: feel sad BECAUSE we cry
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Cannon-Bard Theory
mind and body both experience emotion, at same time independently
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facial feedback hypothesis
facial expressions cause feeling of emotion i.e smiling makes you happier
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limbic system
brain structures which border cerebral cortex, associated with emotion
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What is the function of the amygdala with regard to emotion?
processes emotional significance of stimuli
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What is the longer pathway which emotional information can take to reach amygdala?
from thalamus to visual/auditory cortex to amygdala
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Emergency Emotional Shortcut
In an emergency, emotional info will go directly from thalamus to amygdala
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Schacter-Singer 2 Factor Theory
stimulus -> arousal -> cognitive label of emotion -> emotion
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What can the Schacter-Singer 2 Factor Theory lead to?
misattribution of arousal
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What are four methods of regulating emotion?
- humor
- thought suppression & rumination (not effective)
- rumination (focusing on undesired thoughts)
- distraction
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display rules
govern how and when people exhibit emotions
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somatic marker theory
most self reglatory actions and decisions are affected by bodily reactions (somatic markers)
when contemplating action you experience emotional reaction based on expectation of action's outcome
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affect as information theory
we use current moods to make judgments
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4 qualities of motivation
energizing, directive, helps animals persist, strength of motivation
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need
state of biological or social deficiency
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drive
creates arousal to motivate organism to satisfy a need
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Yerkes-Dodson law
performance increases w. arousal up to a certain point and then decreases with increasing arousal
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extrinsic vs intrinsic motivation
- extrinsic: external goal i.e. grade, money
- intrinsic: when goals are performed for their own sake
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self-determination theory
people are motivated to satisfy needs for competence, relatedness to others and autonomy
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drive theory
motivation is based on internal state of tension which motivates animal to reduce tension
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self actualization
when someone achieves personal dreams and aspirations
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self perception theory
people are seldom aware of specific motives
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self efficacy
belief that your efforts will lead you to success
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need to belong theory
need for interpersonal attachments
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what are the 4 stages of the sexual response cycle?
- excitement phase
- plateau phase
- orgasm phase
- resolution phase
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excitement phase
- contemplation of sexual activity
- men: erection
- women: vagina expands, nipples enlarge
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plateau phase
- pulse rate, breathing, blood pressure increases
- frenzied phase of sexual activity
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orgasm phase
- involuntary muscle contractions
- women: rhythmic contractions of vagina
- men: ejaculation of semen
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resolution phase
- dramatic release of sexual tension
- male: refractory period
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oxytocin
- hormone released during sexual arousal and orgasm
- promotes feelings of love and attachment
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Which neurotransmitters are involved in sexual activity?
- dopamine: stimulates sexual activity
- serotonin: implicated in sexual behavior
- nitric acid
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emotion
feeling state characterized by subjective conscious experience and bodily arousal
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leptin
hormone which travels to hypothalamus and inhibits eating
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gherlin
hormone which triggers eating
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Kinsely
- taught course on marriage & included sex
- found differences in male and female sexual desires
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Buss
surveyed 10,000 people across 37 cultures and found that men value good looks and virginity while women value good financial prospects & ambition
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sexual strategies theory
women and men have evolved distinct mating strategies b/c they faced different adaptive problems in terms of reproducing
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excitation transfer
- form of misattribution
- residual arousal is often misattributed to event which follows arousal
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sensory-specific satiety
Animals eat more when presented with a variety of foods
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