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Germinal Layers
Endoderm
Epithelium of Respiratory Tract, GI, Gut
Lines the Gut and Respiratory Tract
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Germinal Layers
Mesoderm
Muscles of trunk, Genitourinary Serous Membrane, Cardiovascular System, Adrenal Cortex
All the Rest
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Germinal Layers
Ectoderm
Epidermis, Hair, Retina, Anterior Pituitary, CNS, PNS, Adrenal Medulla
Nerves and Skin
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Embryological Development / Nervous System
Neural Tube
- Brain
- Spinal Cord
- Ventricles
- Retina
- Posterior Pituitary
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Embryological Development / Nervous System
Neural Crest
- Cranial Nerve Ganglia
- Melanocytes
- Schwann Cells
- Meissner's and Auerbach's Plexuses
- Adrenal Medulla
- Afferent Neurons of the dorsal Root Ganglia
- Postganglionics of the ANS
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Primary Vesicles
Prosencephalon (forebrain):
- Telencephalon (CN 1):
- Cerebrum, Lateral Ventricles, Septum Pellucidum, Caudate and Lenticular Nuclei
- Diencephalon (CN 2):
- Thalamus, Epithalamus, Hypothalamus, Infundibulum, Optic Chiasm, 3rd Ventricle, Mammillary bodies
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Primary Vesicles
Mesencephalon (midbrain):
- Mesencephalon (CN 3 and 4):
- Midbrain, Cerebral Peduncles, Aqueduct of Sylvius
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Primary Vesicles
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain):
- Metencephalon (CN 5 thru 8):
- Pons and Cerebellum
- Myelencephalon (CN 9 thru 12):
- Medulla Oblongata, 4th Ventricle
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Specialized Cells of the Nervous System
Astrocyte:
Support cell in the blood brain barrier (glucose)
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Specialized Cells of the Nervous System
Microglia
Gram mesenchyme, Macrophages (CNS clean up)
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Specialized Cells of the Nervous System
Ependymal
Lines ventricles and makes CNF (Ectoderm)
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Specialized Cells of the Nervous System
Oligodendrocytes
Makes myelin in CNS
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Specialized Cells of the Nervous System
Schwann Cells
Make myelin in the PNS
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Sympathetic NS
- T1 to L2
- Fight or Flight (Visceral Motor, Autonomic, Not Thinking)
- Vasoconstriction/ Central aorta
- Vasodilation/ Arterioles of muscles and Capillaries of the skin
- Erector Pilli
- Sweat Glands
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Sympathetic NS Pathway
- IML (Intermedial Lateral Cell Nucleus in the Spinal Cord)
- Leave the cord via white (myelinated) rami communicantes (preganglionic type B fibers)
- Synapse on STG (Sympathetic Chain Ganglion)
- Leave STG via grey (unmyelinated) rami communicantes (postganglinoic type C fibers)
- NE and EPI ( Norepinephrine and Epinephrine)
Note: One fiber does not synapse (white fiber) to the Adrenal Medulla = postganglionic fiber. Pheochromocytoma = a gray color cell tumor which causes Hypertension (HTN) - excess EPI.
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Cervical Chain Ganglion- out T1
- Superior Sympathetic Chain Ganglion = above C4 pupil dilation (Horner's Syndrome) [ptosis, meiosis, anhydrosis]
- Middle Sympathetic Chain Ganglion = C4-C5
- Inferior Sympathetic Chain Ganglion = C6-C8
- Stellate Ganglion = C8-T1 (Merger between Inferior Sympathetic Chain Ganglion and Upper Thoracic Ganglion)
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Brain
Cerebrum
Intellect and Association
- Frontal Lobe: Motor
- Parietal Lobe: Sensory
- Occipital Lobe: Sight
- Temporal Lobe: Hearing
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Brain
Thalamus
Relay Station, Sensory fibers
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Brain
Hypothalamus
Hunger, Thirst, Temperature Regulation, Sex, Rage, Fear
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Brain
Cerebellum
Balance and Equilibrium, Involuntary Coordination
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Brain
Medulla and Pons
Vasomotor, Cardiac Center, Autonomic NS
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Basal Ganglia
- A collection of cell bodies that lie within the white matter of the cerebrum.
- These plan and coordinate voluntary movement.
- Striatum = Putaman = large, dark, lateral = Lentiform
- Striatum = Globus Pallidus = small, pale, medial = Lentiform
- Striatum = Caudate Nucleus
- Amygdala
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Fibers of the Cerebrum
Association
connect regions of the same hemisphere. Wernkes to limbic
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Fibers of the Cerebrum
Commississural
carry impulse across the corpus callosum. Left to Right
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Fibers of the Cerebrum
Projection
send impulses from below to the cortex. Brain stem to cortex
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