Sociology_ch_1-4

Systematic study of human society.

The Special point of view of sociology that sees general patterns of society in the lives of particular people.

The study of the larger world and our society's place in it.

The nations with the highest overall standards of living.

Nations with a standard of living about average for the world as a whole.

Nations with a low standard of living, in which most people are poor.

A scientific approach to knowledge based on "positive" facts as opposed to mere speculation.

Explores how social structures work together to help society operate.

^{Auguste Comte, Emile Durkheim, and Herbert Spencer helped develop the structural-functional approach.}

Shows how inequality creates conflict and causes change.

<sup>Two important types of conflict analysis are gender-conflict theory, which is also call feminism, and race-conflict theory.

Karl Marx helped develop the social-conflict approach.</sup>

Studies how people, in everyday interaction, construct reality.

_{Max Weber and George Herbert Mead helped develop of the social-interaction approach.}

A statement of how and why specific facts are related.

A framework for building theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

The consequences of a social pattern for the operation of society as a whole.

The recognized and intended consequences of any social pattern.

The unrecognized and unintended consequences of any social pattern.

Any social pattern that may disrupt the operation of society.

A systematic plan for doing research.

A research method for investigating cause and effect under highly controlled conditions.

A research method in which subjects respond to a series of statement or question on a questionnaire or in an interview.

A research method in which investigators systematically observe people while joining them in their routine activities.

A simplified description applied to every person in some category.

The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a peoples way of life.

The ideas created by members of a society.

The physical things created by members of a society.

Personal disorientation when experiencing and unfamiliar way of life.

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.

Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.

Specific ideas that people hold to be true.

Rules and expectations by which a society guides that behavior of its members.

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

Norms for routine or casual interaction.

The ways of thinking, the ways of acting, and the material objects that together form a people's way of life.

The ideas created by members of a society.

The physical things created by members of a society.

Personal disorientation when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life.

Anything that carries a particular meaning recognized by people who share a culture.

A system of symbols that allows people to communicate with one another.

The process by which one generation passes culture to the next.

Culturally defined standards that people use to decide what is desirable, good, and beautiful and that serve as broad guidelines for social living.

Specific ideas that people hold to be true.

Rules and expectations by which a society guides the behavior of its members.

Norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

Norms for routine or casual interaction.

Cultural patterns that distinguish a society's elite.

Cultural patterns that are widespread among a society's population.

Cultural patterns that set apart some segment of a society's population.

A perspective recognizing the cultural diversity of the United States and promoting equal standing for all cultural traditions.

The dominance of European (especially English) cultural patterns.

Cultural pattens that strongly oppose those widely accepted within a society.

The close relationships among various elements of a cultural system.

The fact that some cultural elements change more quickly than others, disrupting a cultural system.

The practice of judging a culture by its own standards.

Views culture as a relatively stable system built on core values.  All cultural patterns play some part in the ongoing operation of society.

Sees culture as a dynamic arena of inequality and conflict.  Cultural patterns benefit some categories of people more than others.  Marx claimed that cultural patters reflect the operation of a society's economic system.

Is a type of social-conflict theory that sees culture as a system of inequality based on gender.

Explores how the long history of evolution has shaped patterns of culture in today's world.

The lifelong social experience by which people develop their human potential and learn culture.

A person's fairly consistent patterns of acting, thinking, and feeling.

George Herbert Mead's term for the part of an individual's personality composed of self-awareness and self-image.

Cooley's term for a self-image based on how we think others see us.

A social group whose members have interests, social position, and age in common.

Learning that helps a person achieve a desired position.

The means for delivering impersonal communications to a vast audience.

A setting in which people are isolated from the rest of society and controlled by an administrative staff.

Radically changing an inmate's personality by carefully controlling the environment.

The process by which people act and react in relation to others

A social position that a person holds.

All the statuses a person holds at a given time.

A social position a person receives at birth or takes on involuntarily later in life.

A status that has special importance for social identity, often shaping a person's entire life.

Behavior expected of someone who holds a particular status.

A number of roles attached to a single status.

Conflict among the roles connected to two of more statuses.

Tension among the roles connected to a single status.

The process by which people creatively shape reality through social interaction.

W. I. Thomas's claim that situations defined as real are real in their consequences.

Erving Goffman's term for the study of social interaction in terms of theatrical performance.

Erving Goffman's term for a person's efforts to create specific impressions in the minds of others.

Communicating using body movements, gestures, and facial expressions rather than speech.

The surrounding area over which a person makes some claim to privacy.