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Main Energy Source for Animals
Carbohydrates
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Carbs should make up ___% of an animals diet
75
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Monosaccharide formula
C6H12O6
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Monosaccharides are formed by ____
Plants
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The reaction to produce monosaccharides is _________ to release _______
Reversed, Energy
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glucose of found primarily in
syrup and blood
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Glucose is somtimes referred to as
dextrose
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Glucose is about 3/4 as sweet as _______
Cane sugars
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Fructose is found primarily in
Ripe Fruits and Honey
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Fructose is
the sweetest of all sugars
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Galactose is found in
milk, and obtained by hydrolysis of milk sugar (lactose)
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All Disaccharides have the chemical formula of
C12H22O11
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Disaccharides are formed from
two monosaccharide molecules with the loss of one molecule of water
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Sucrose is a kind of
Disaccharides
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Sucrose is commonly used as feed _____
Sweetener
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Sucrose is Hydrolized by the sucrase enzyme to ______ and _______
glucose and fructose
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Maltose is also known as
Malt sugar
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Maltose is a kind of
Dissaccharide
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Maltose is obtained from the hydrolysis of
starch
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Maltose is hydrolyzed entirely to ________ by the enzyme maltase
glucose
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Lactose is found
primarily in milk
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Lactose is hydrolyzed by the enzyme lactace to
glucose and galactose
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Lactose is a common
disaccharide
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Oligosaccharides are relatively short chaines of
monosacchriades
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Oligosaccharides are intermediates in the breakdown of _______ to _________-
polysaccharides to monosaccharides
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Complex carboydrates with the chemical formula of
C6H10O5
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Polysaccharides are formed by the combination of several _______ ______
hexose molecules
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Important polysaccharides (8)
Starch (Amylose, Amylopectin), Insulin, Glycogen, Hemicellulose, Cellulose, Lignin
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What is a major plant storage form of glucose?
Starch
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What 2 forms does starch come in?
Amylose, amyopectin
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What is the make up of Amylose?
straight chains of glucose
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What is the make up of Amylopectin?
Highly branced chains of glucose
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Starch is broken down by __________ to produce _______
Amylase, Dextrin
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Dextrin is broken down by _____ to produce _____
Dextrinase, Maltose
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Maltose is broken down by _____ to produce_______
Maltase, Glucose
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Insulin is simlar to starch, except it hydrolyzes to ______ instead of glucose
Fructose
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Glycogen is sometimes referred to as ____ ___
Animal starch
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Glycogen is produced by the _____
liver
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Glycogen is the primary ______ reserve in the animal
carbohydrate
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Glycogen is hydrolyzed entirely to ______--
glucose
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Group of substances that lie chemically between starch and cellulose
Hemicellulose
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Hemicellulose are more digestible than ______ but less digestible than sugars or starch
cellulose
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Cellulose is the principle constituent of the _______ _____ of plants
cell wall
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Cellulose is generally low in ___________
digestibility
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_________ _________- are linked by beta 1-4 bonds
Glucose
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Glucose monomers are linked by _______ _______ bonds
beta 1-4
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beta 1-4 bonds can be digested only by _______
ruminants
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Cellulose is hydrolyzed to ______
glucose
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Lignin is not a true ________
carbohydrate
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Why is lignin not a true carbohydrate? (3 reasons)
Contains too many C's , H and O's arent in the right proportion, and some N is usually present
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Lignin is found primarily in...
Over-mature hays, straws, and hull
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Lignin is indigestible by all livestock, and can reduce digestibility of other nutrients, especially ________
cellulose
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Lignin serves as _____ _____ in plants
structural material
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What carbs dont need hydrolysis before absorption?
Monosaccharides
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Di and Polysaccharides are relatively _______ molecules
Large
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Di and Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to _________ before absorption
monosacchardes
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Di and Polysaccharides are hydrolyzed to monosaccharides before absorption because.....
only mono's can be absorbed
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In the mouth, salivary amylase breaks down starches to
maltose
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Salivary amylase plays only a small role in breakdown because....
of the short time food is in the mouth
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Ruminants do not have the enzyme ________ ________
salivary amylase
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Not all monogastrics secrete _____ ________ in saliva
salivary amylase
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Pancratic amylase hydrolyzes _________
alpha 1-4 linkages
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Pancreatic amylase produces __________ and ________
disaccharides and oligosaccharides
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Pancreatic amylase hydrolyzes ______ to _____, ____-____ and ________
starch to maltose, malto-triose and alpha limit dextrin
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What are the cells lining the small intestine called?
Brush border
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Brush border enzymes break down ________ to _______
disaccharides to monosaccharides
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Ruminants do not have ______
sucrase
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_______ breaks sucrose down to __________ and _______
Sucrase, Glucose and Fructose
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________ breaks maltose down to 2 _____
Maltase, glucoses
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________ breaks lactose down to ________ and ______
Lactase, Glucose and Galactose
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Poultry does not have this enzyme:
lactase
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Carnivores and omnivores have limited ______ fermentation in the large intestine
anaerobic
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The large intestine bacteria in carnivores and omnivores produce small quantities of _________
cellulase
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Post-gastric fermenters such as the horse and rabbit can utilize large quantities of _______ in the large intestine
cellulose
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the cecum and colon of Post-gastric fermenters such as the horse and rabbit contains bacteria that produces ______
cellulase
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In Post-gastric fermenters such as the horse and rabbit the _______ and ________ contains bacteria that produces cellulase
cecum and colon
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__________ is capable of hydrolyzing the glucose-4-beta-glucoside linkage in Post-gastric fermenters such as the horse and rabbit
Cellulase
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Cellulase is capable of hydrolyzing the __________________________ in Post-gastric fermenters such as the horse and rabbit
glucose-4-beta-glucoside linkage
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