science studyness.txt

Millimeter, centimeter, meter, kilometer, gram, cubic meter, kelvin, second

Rocks are made up of minerals

Lava/magma cools and crystallizes

Basaltic, granitic, intermediate, ultrabasic

Dark, low silica

Light, high silica

in between basaltic and granitic

contain only iron rich minerals

Veins

It produces rock and mineral fragments (sediments)

Erosion

Sediments are transported and deposited on the ground or sink to the bottom of a body of water

conglomerates and breccias

Sandstone

Siltstone

Shale

Abundant deposits of loose sediments

Remains of once living organisms

When water reaches saturation, crystals gains precipitate out and settle to the bottom

• Foliated rocks have wavy layers and bands of light and dark minerals
• Non-foliated rocks have minerals with blocky crystal shapes

• Heat and pressure turn sedimentary rocks into metamorphic rocks. The metamorphic rocks melt into magma, then cool and crystallize and form igneous rocks. Igneous rocks get uplifted, weathered and eroded which get turned into sediments, which then go though the processes of deposition, burial and lithification which get turned back into sedimentary rocks.
• *igneous rocks can undergo heat and pressure and turn into metamorphic rocks
• *metamorphic rocks can be uplifted to undergo weathering and erosion to become sediments to be turned into sedimentary rocks

It erodes away at the land, creating streams, rivers, watersheds, lakes, canyons, and stream valleys

Carrying method of transported sediments that are dissolved in a streams water

Transportation method for small particles like silt, clay and sand.

Sediment that is too large or heavy to be held up by turbulent water. Consists of sand, pebbles, and cobble

Slope, vegetation, rate of precip., Soil composition, and infiltration rate

Bend or curve in river

Stream begins to flow straight again after a lot of curves and deposits of sediments at the edge, cutting off a meander

When a stream gets closer to base level, it loses velocity and then flows into a flat area and drops sediment

Deposit usually consisting of layers of silt and clay

on outside of stream

On inside of stream

Inside of the meander

Pesticides, waste, laundry detergents, etc.

Algae blooms, uses up oxygen, takes oxygen away from fish and plants in water, fish die, decaying fish take up more oxygen

IF groundwater is pumped out at a rate greater than the recharge rate, the groundwater supply will decrease and the water table will drop

Excessive withdrawal of groundwater can also cause the sinking of land

Sewage from faulty septic tanks and farms, landfills, and other waste disposal sites

New ocean crust is formed at ocean ridges and then destroyed at deep sea trenches

• Magma rises through cracks and gets pushed outwards
• features: rift valleys and trenches

• Ocean plate is less dense and sinks beneath not-as-dense oceanic plate (subduction)
• Features: Ocean trenches and Volcanic Island arcs

• Less dense oceanic plate descends beneath continental plate
• Features: Volcanic mountain ranges form along edge of continental plate and trenches

• Continental crusts collide with one another and get pushed upwards
• Features: Mountains

• Two plates slide past each other horizontally; crust is only deformed or fractured
• Features: Faults

• Inner core- solid
• outer core- liquid
• mantle
• crust

Broad gently sloping sides; forms from accumulating lava on Earth's surface; largest type of volcano, nonexlposive

Ejected tephra in the air forms cindercones; steep sides; generally small

Forms from layers of hardened lava alternating with layers of oozing lava; cone shaped; 2nd biggest; violent eruptions; cycle of quiet and explosive periods

50% or lower silica; low viscosity; quiet eruptions; fast flowing lava

50-60% silica; intermediate viscosity + eruptions; medium flowing lava

60%+ silica; explosive eruptions; high viscosity; slow flowing lava

First set of waves; squeeze and push rocks; compression; goes through liquids and solids; pass through earth's interior; body waves; move back and forth

second set; slower then p-waves; move at right angles in relation to the direction of the waves; pass through earth's interior; body waves

third set of waves; slowest; travel on the surface; move back and forth; move in two directions as they pass through rock; move up and down

ground type, structure of buildings, land and soil liquefaction

seismic risk, recurrence rate, seismic gap, and stress accumulation

low frequency has long wavelengths, and high frequency has short wavelengths

Innermost of sun, visible layer, visible light emitted

Second layer of sun, usually only visible during solar eclipse, appears red, emits UV rays

Outermost layer of sun, so dim because of very low density, only visible when photosphere is blocked, emits x-rays

Arc of gas ejected out of the chromosphere (sun fart)

violent eruptions of particles and radiation from surface of the sun

Charged particles (ions) flow from the corona.. **causes northern lights

Suns magnetic field disturbs photosphere. Dark spots on the photosphere

Only detected with x-rays, often located over sunspots. Solar wind escapes through

Nuclear Fusion

ursa major, ursa minor, draco, cepheus, cassiopia

zodiac

depends on both the luminosity and distance from earth

energy output of a star