Chapter 6 A Tour of a Cell.txt

• author "Alice Jones"
• tags "Chapter 6"
• description "Chapter 6"
• fileName "Chapter 6 A Tour of a Cell"
• author "Alice Jones"
• fileName "Chapter 6 A Tour of a Cell"
• tags "Chapter 6"
• description "Chapter 6"
• Cell
• All organisms are made of Cell and are living

Scientist Uses microscope to visualize Cells to smallto see with the naked eye

• • Pass Visible light through a Speciman
• • Magnify cellular structures with lenses

Are not living organism

• Tehinques
• A) Bright field (unstained Specimen),
• B) Bright field (stained Specimen)
• c) Phase-contrast
• D) Differential - Interface - Contrast (Nomarski)
• E) Florenescence
• F) Confocal

Focus a beam of electron through a Specimen (TEM) or onto it Suface (SEM)

Provides for detailed study of the Surface of a specimen.

Provides for detailed Study of the internal Ultra structure of Cells

• • They are bounded by a plasma membrane.
• • They Contain a Semifluid Called Cytosol
• • They contain chromosomes made up of DNA .
• • They have all ribosomes

• 1. do not have a nucleus
• 2. Have their DNA located in a region called the nucleoid.

• 1. Contain a true nucleus, bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
• 2. Are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

Has a higher surface to volume ratio, which facilities the exchange of materials into and out the cell

• 1. functions as a selective barrier
• 2. allows sufficient passage of nutrients and waste

Have extensive and elaborately arranged internal membranes, which form organelles.

• 
• 1. has centrioles (two logs in the picture drawing)
• (we are not sure what they do but plants do not have them)
• 2. Lysosomes for digestive

• 
• 1. Have many chloroplasts (not every plant has one.)
• 2. A cell wall (outside the plasma membrane, prevents a cell from combusting when water enters it)
• 3. Large central vacuole

have most of the same organelles

• There are three parts to a nucleus
• 1. Nuclear envelope
• 2. nucleolus (dark circle in the center used to make ribosomes)
• 3. Chromatin(The DNA and proteins of chromosomes)

Is the outer cover. Is use as a barrier between the cell and its environment.

• 1. complexes that makes proteins; free in cytosol or  bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope
• 2. Protein synthesis

• 1. A stack of membrane
• 2. Shipping and export, they are like the ups of the cell

digestive organelle where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

organelle with various specialized metabolic functions produces hydrogen peroxide as a by-product the converts it to water

projections that increases the cell surface area

reinforces cell's shape; function in cell movement; components are made of protein which incudes. Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments and Microtubules.

region where the cells microtubules are initiated; contains a pair of centrioles

motility structure present in some animal cells, composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane.

• 1. Rough ER
• 2. Smooth ER
• network of membranous sacs and tubes; active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes; has rough(ribosome-studded) and smooth regions

organelle where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated.

• 1. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• 2. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• 3. Ribosomes
• 4. Cytoskeleton
• 5. Chloroplast
• 6. Plasmodesmata
• 7. Wall of adjacent cell
• 8. cell wall
• 9. Plasma membrane
• 10. peroxisome
• 11. Mitochondrion
• 12. Golgi apparatus
• 13. Nucleus

contains most of the genes in the eukaryotic cell

includes many different structure

is continuous with the nuclear envelope

• 1. Synthesizes lipids
• 2. metabolizes carbohydrates
• 3. stores calcium
• 5. detoxifies poison

• 1. Muscle cell in the thigh muscle of a long distance runner
• 2. Pancreatic cell that manufactures digestive enzymes
• 3. Macrophage (White blood cells)that engulfs bacteria
• 4. Epithelial cells lining the digestive tract
• 5. Ovarian cell the produces estrogen(a steroid hormone)

The ovarian cell

• 1. has bound ribosomes
• 2. Produces proteins and membranes, which are distributed by transport vesicles.

• 1. Muscle cell in the thigh muscle of a long distance runner
• 2. Pancreatic cell that manufactures digestive enzymes
• 3. Macrophage (White blood cells)that engulfs bacteria
• 4. Epithelial cells lining the digestive tract5. Ovarian cell the produces estrogen(a steroid hormone)

Pancreatic

• 1. receives many of the transport vesicles produced in the rough ER
• 2. Consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
• 3. Modification of products of rough ER
• 4. Manufacture of certain macromolecules

• 1. is a membrane sac of hydrolytic enzymes
• 2. Can digest all kinds of macromolecules
• 3. Carry out intracellular digestion by Phagocytosis

Macrophage (White blood cells)that engulfs bacteria

phagocytic white blood cell

• 1. Maintenance department
• 2. A plant or a fungal cell(many have one or several vacuoles)
• 3. Food Vacuoles (formed by phagocytosis)
• 4. Contact vacuoles pump excess water out of protest cells

• 1. Are found in plant cells
• 2. Hold reserves of important organic compounds and water.

rough ER ↠ Vesicles  ↠Golgi  ↠ Plasma Membrane

• 1. Are the sites of cellular respiration
• 2. Powerhouse of cell - Produce ATP
• 3. Are in charge of energy of the cell
• 4. Both in  animal and cell
• 5. came from your mother not your father.

found only in plants, are the sites of photosynthesis

• 1. Are enclosed by two membranes
• 2. Smooth outer membrane
• 3. inner membrane folded into cristae

muscle cell in the thigh muscle of a long distance runner.

are found in leaves an other green organs of plants and in algae -contain chlorophyll

Produce Hydrogen Peroxide and convert it to water

• 1.is a network of fibers that organizes structures and activities in the cell
• 2. Gives support to the cell
• 3. is involved in cell motility, which utilizes motor proteins.
• 4 three types of fiber Microtubules,

• 1. shape the cell
• 2. Guide movement of organelles
• 3. Help separate the chromosome copies in dividing cells

• 1. is considered to be a microtubule-organizing center.
• 2. contains a pair of centrioles

• 1. Contains specialized arrangements microtubules
• 2. Are locomotor appendages of some cells \.

share a common ultrastructure

is responsible for the bending movement of cilia and flagella.

• 1. are built from molecules of the protein actin.
• 2. They are found in microvilli.

contain the protein myosin in addition to actin.

involves the contraction of actin and myosin filaments

is another form of locomotion created by microfilaments.

• 1.support shape cell
• 2.fix organelles in place

help coordinate cellular activities

is an extracellular structure of plant cells that distinguishes them from animal cells.

• 1. Are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein
• 2. Man have multiple layers

• 1. lack cell walls
• 2. Are covered by the elaborate matrix, the ECM

is made up of glycoproteins and other macromolecules.

• 1. Support
• 2. Adhesion
• 3. Movement
• 4. Regulation

are channels that perforate plant cell walls

• 1. Tight Junctions(the glue)
• 2. Desmosomes(snaps or buttons, they whole to cells together but do not seal)
• 3. Gap junctions(provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells)
• 4. All the junctions are made out of protein

between cells