CD 118; Chapter 2

Is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the one that survive and reproduce

is behavior that promotes an organism's survival  in the natural habitat.

branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction and " survival of the fittest" in shaping behavior.

the ability to bear offspring that survive long enough to bear offsprings of their own

• are threadlike structures that come in 23 pairs,with one member of each pair coming from each parent.
• -the contain the genetic substance DNA

• a complex molecule that contains genetic information.(Deoxyribonucleic acid)
• - double helix shape, like a spiral stair case

• Units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA
• - Genes direct cells to reproduce themselves and manufacture the protein that maintain life

Cellular reproduction in which the cell's nucleus duplicated itself with two new cell being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes

A Specialized form of cell division that forms eggs and sperm( or gametes)

a stage in reproduction whereby an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote

a single cell formed through fertilization

a person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material

the way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable (height, weight and hair color)

-observable characteristics/Physical/psychological (personality)

• a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas 
• also called monozygotic twins

• also called dizygotictiwns
• develop from separate eggs and separate sperm, making them genetically no more similar than ordinary siblings

permanently altered segment of dna

ex of how it happens is by radiation, mistake by cellular machinery

• - One gene of a pair always exerts its effect, it is dominant
• -The principle that if one gene of a pair is dominant and the other is recessive, the dominant gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential influence of the recessive gene. A recessive gene exerts its influence only if both genes in the pair are recessive
• -It over rides the potential influence of the other gene
• -Recessive gene exerts its influence only if the two genes of the pair are recessive
• -If you recieve the recessive trait from each parent you will show the trait

Yes.  suppose that each parent has a dominant gene for brown hair and recessive gene for for blond hair.but both are carriers of blondness and pass their recessive genes for blond hair. with no dominant gene to over ride them the recessive gene can make the childs hair blond

• Most mutated gene is carried on the X Chromosomes
• -Males have only one Chromosome, no back up to copy to counter the harmful gene and therefore may carry an ex-linked disease
• -Females have a second X chromosome which is likely to be unchanged, as a result they are not likely to have the X-linked disease
• -Females who have one changed copy of the X gene are known as carriers
• example of this type of disease is Fragile -x Syndrome

• Occurs when the expression of a gene has different effects depending on whether the mother or the father passed on the gene
• - A chemical process "silences" one member of the gene pair

• development is disturbed 
• ex Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome( growth disorder
• and Wilms Tumor(type of cancer)

used to describe studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases and development

• is a chromosomal abnormality 
• form of mental retardation, caused by the presence of an extra copy of chromosome 21
• -phenotype- round face, a flattened skull, short limbs, retardation or mental and motor skills

Most common involve the presence of an extra chromosome( either an x or a y) or the absence of one x chromosome in females

• EX-Klinefelter Sydrome
• Fragile X sydrome
• XYY Syndrome
• Turner Syndrome

Genetic disorder in which males have an extra x chromosome, making them xxy instead of xy

Usually have underdeveloped testes, enlarged breast and become tall

• genetic disorder that results from an abnormality in the X chromosome, which becomes constricted and often breaks 
• -Mental deficiency often is an outcome 
• -Cognitive deficiency

Chromosomal disorder in females in which either an x chromosome is missing, making her a xo instead of xx or part of one x chromosome is deleted 

these women have webbed necks, may be infertile, difficulty in math but verbal ablilty is often good

a genetic disorder in which an individual cannot properly metabolize an amino acid.

It is easily detected but if left untreated results in metal retardation and hyperactivity

• Gene- Linked abnormality 
• Occurs most in African Americans 
• Genetic disorder that impairs the body's red blood cells.
• Recessive gene causes the red blood cell to become hook shaped(sickle) that cannot carry oxygen properly and dies. as result body cells do not receive adequate oxygen, causing Anemia and early death.

• High frequency sound waves that can detect many structural abnomalites of fetus, including microenchephly, a form of mental retardation in volving a abnormly small brain, even gives clue to babies sex
• no harm is done to fetus or mother
• 7 weeks 

• is a prenatal medical procedure in which a small sample of the placenta is removed. Diagnosis takes 10 days
• there is a risk of limb deformity when cvs is used
• 10th or 12thweek

• is a prenatal medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by a syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders 
• preformed at 15-18 weeks

The inability to conceive a child after months of regular intercourse without contraception 

• Women may not be ovulating(Releasing eggs to be fertilized)
• Her fallopain tubes may be blocked
• she may have a desease that pervents implantation of the embryo in her uterus 

• Produce too few sperm
• sperm may lack mobility
• May have a blocked passage way

• Surgery may correct the cause
• They can take hormone based drugs that may improve the probability of having a child
• Can try high-tech assisted reproduction like in vitro fertilization(IVF)
• Adoption 

• egg and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish
• Eggs that are sucessfully fertilized are transfered into the mothers uterus 

 increased risk of low birth rate

• Ultrasound sonography
• Fetal MRI
• Chronic Villus Sampling
• Amniocentesis
• Maternal blood screening 
• triple screen
• noninvasive prenatal diagnostic