Science Vocab Review.txt

the variable that can be changeable in an experiment

Depends on the independent variable

Map that uses contour lines, symbols, and color to show changes in the elevation of Earth's surface and features such as mountains, bridges, and rivers.

Line on a topographic map that connects points of equal elevation

Inorganic solid with specific chemical compound and definite crystal structures

solid with patterns

How a mineral reflects light

A minerals resistance to scratch

How a mineral breaks if it breaks evenly along planes if atomic bonds are weak

when a mineral breaks into pieces that are jagged and uneven

Color of the mineral

Magma that reaches earths surface

molten rock

Intrusive or extrusive rock formed from the cooling and crystallization of magma or lava

Coarse-grained rock that is formed when molten rock cools slowly and solidifies inside Earth's crust

Fine-grained igneous rock that formed when molten rock cools so quickly and solidifies on Earths surface

Size, shape, and distribution of crystals

Large, well-defined crystals cooled slowly, then cooled quickly (like a chocolate chip cookie)

When lava is so thick that gas bubbles can't escape. Spongy appearance

Veins of large grained minerals

Rare, ultra basic rock (Diamonds found in kimberlites)

small pieces of rock

chemical process turning sediments into sedimentary rocks

Glues sediment together

weight pushes sediment together

Horizontal layering of sedimentary rocks

Breaks down and changes rocks (chemically or Physically)

Eroded materials are dropped in another location

Preserved remains of past living organisms

% of open space between grains in a mineral

When chemical sedimentary rock form from dissolved minerals in water that reached saturation; crystal grains precippitate out of solution

Layered bands of minerals

Blocks crystal shapes

Produced when high pressure and high temps affect earths crust

Continuos changing and remaking of rocks

Water flowing downslope along earth's surface

Land where water drains into stream system

High land area that separates watersheds (often mountains)

Measure of volume of stream water that flows

When water spills over stream bands

Broad, flat area that extends out from a streams band during flooding

Holds moving water within stream channel

Elevation in where water enters another body of water

Curve or bend in a river

Cutoff section of a river that develops over time from deposition of sediments

stream resumes downcutting toward base level

Adding nutrients to watershed

Precipitation that falls on land and trickles to the ground

Region below Earth's surface in which groundwater completely fills pores

Upper boundary of the zone of saturation that rises during wet seasons and drops during dry periods

Region above the water table where materials are moist, but pores contain mostly air

Ability of a material to let water pass through, is high in material with large, well connected pores and low in material with few pores or small pores

Permeable underground layer through which groundwater flows relatively easily

Impermeable layer that is a barrier to groundwater; such as silt, clay, and shale

Natural discharge of groundwater at Earth's surface where an aquifer and an aquiclude come in contact

Explosive hot spring that erupts regularly

A natural underground opening connected to Earth's surface, usually formed when groundwater dissolves limestone

Depression in Earth's Surface formed when a cave collapses or bedrock is dissolved by acidic rain or moist soil

Irregular topography with sinkholes, sinks, and sinking streams caused by groundwater dissolution of limestone

Cone-shaped or cylindrical dripstone deposit of calcium carbonate that hangs like an icicle from a cave ceiling

Mound-shaped dripstone deposit of calcium carbonate that forms on a cave floor beneath a stalactite

Deep hole drilled or dug into the ground to reach a reservoir of groundwater

Difference between the water level in a pumped well and the original water table

Fountain of water that spurts above the land surface when a well taps a deep, confined aquifer containing water under pressure

Idea that all continents were once joined, proposed by Wegner

Supercontinent

New crust is formed at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at deep-sea trenches

Huge piece of Earth's crust that covers Earth's surface and fits together

Place where two of Earth's tectonic plates are moving apart; is associated with volcanism, earthquakes, high heat flow, and is found primarily on the sea-floor

Place where two tectonic plates are moving toward each other; is associated with trenches, islands, arcs, and folded mountains

Process by which one tectonic plate slips beneath another tectonic plate

The transfer of thermal energy by the movement of heated material from one place to another

Anything having to do with volcanoes

Unusually hot area in Earth's surface

When lava flows out of Earth's surface

Cracks in Earth's crust

Lava travels through it in a volcano

Opening in Earth's crust through which lava erupts and flows out onto the surface

Large depression at the top of a volcano

Forms after the magma chamber collapses in a volcano

Resistance to flow

Erupted material from a volcano

Swift moving, potentially deadly clouds of gas, ash, and other volcanic material produced by a violent eruption

Total force acting on a rock

Materials response to stress (STRESS CAN HAPPEN WITHOUT STRAIN, BUT STRAIN CAN'T HAPPEN WITHOUT STRESS)

Fracture along earth's crust

Vibrations of ground produced during an earthquake

Point where waves originate

Directly above the focus

Measures undetected waves not felt on the surface

Record produced by a seismometer

Measures energy released

Measures intensity

Large ocean waves

Section along faults that have been active but have not recently been active

All types of electromagnetic radiate arranged according to wavelength and frequency

Used to study radiation

Small objects that can form planets

One of the rocky-surfaced relatively small, dense inner planets closest to the sun- Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars

Large, Gaseous Planet that is very cold at its surface; has rings, systems, many moons, and lacks solid surfaces- Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune

An object that, due to its own gravity, is spherical in shape, orbits the sun, is not a satellite, and has not cleared the area of its orbit of smaller debris

• Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
• My Very Earnest Mother Just Served Us Noodles

Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence, Red Giant, Planetary Nebula, White Dwarf, Black Dwarf

Nebula, Protostar, Main Sequence, Red Supergiant, Supernova, Neutron Star (or Black Hole)

Particles that flow from the corona

Dark spot on the surface of the photosphere

Violent eruption on suns surface

Arc of gas ejected from the chromosphere

Combining of lightweight nuclei into heavier nuclei

Process in which heavy atomic nuclei split into smaller, lighter atomic nuclei

Group of stars in the sky that resemble an animal, mythological character, or everyday object

Two stars that are gravitationally bound to each other by a common center of mass

Shift in position by the observer

How bright a star appears (Doesn't take into account distance)

Brightness if placed 10 parsecs away

Energy output

Graph that relates stellar characteristics- class, mass, temp, magnitude, diameter, and luminosity

Groups of stars that are gravitationally bound to each other

When the star moves away from the observer, the wavelengths become longer

When a star is moving towards the observer, the spectral lines are shifted toward shorter wavelengths

Theory that proposes that the universe began as a single point and has been expanding ever since

• Scientists discovered persistent background noise in their radio antenna. Noise was caused by weak radiation (AKA Cosmic Background Radiation)
• Appeared to be coming from all directions and have an emitting object having a temp very similar to the temp predicted to have caused the big bang.