History unit 2

economic doctrine based on the theory that a nation benefits by accumulating monetary reserves through a positive balance of trade

• Revenue Act of 1764
• purpose was to raise money

• 1765
• British troops could be quartered in taverns, barns, inns, uninhabited houses
• colonial assemblies had to pay rent

• 1765
• placed a tax on every kind of legal paper

Parliament represents the good of the Englishmen as a whole

each representative represents a specific region

• upper class
• organized mobs-intimidation

• 1765
• 9 colonies
• "the first spontaneous colonial movement"

• 1763
• prohibits settlements in the west
• people who already settled there had to move back east

• 1766
• British Parliament asserting its authority to make laws binding the colonists “in all cases whatsoever” including the right to tax

British chancellor of the Exchequer whose measures for the taxation of the British-American colonies intensified the hostilities that eventually led to the American Rev

• 1767
• Taxes on glass, paint, oil, lead, paper, and tea

• 3-5-70
• taunting of British troops
• unauthorized firing kills five - Crispus Attucks

• voluntary agreements of all the colonies to not buy imported goods
• south didn't follow

• 22 after the F and I war
• insane at times
• determined to rule

• 1773
• designed to rescue the British East India Company from Banlruptcy

• 12 colonies
• purpose to keep the lines of communication opened at all times

• father of the American Rev
• initiates the idea of Committees of Correspondence

• 1774
• designed to punish Boston until the tea was paid for

• boundaries of Quebec were extended south to the Ohio and west to the Mississippi rivers
• recognition was also given to the Roman Catholic Church
•  French civil code was officially recognized for use in Quebec

closed the port of Boston

governor and council appointed by the king

• 1774
• The colonies presented there were united in a determination to show a combined authority to Great Britain, but their aims were not uniform at all

He was the lawyer who defended the British soldiers who were accused of murdering Crispus Attucks at the Boston Massacre

• part of intolerable acts
• allowed the governor to transfer trials to England or Nova Scotia if an impartial jury could not be found in Massachusetts

• Sons of Liberty
• which was patterned after the Virginia Association and others that followed. This was a pact for nonimportation of English goods, to establish mechanisms throughout the colonies to enforce and regulate the resistance to Great Britain, and to keep the channels of communication open

German soldiers

began the American Rev

• colonial supporters
• backcountry people
• merchants, planters, laborers, artisans, small farmers

British office holders, merchants that fit well into the system, lawyer that had British client, Anglican ministers, slaves, recent British immigrants

• 5-10-75
• Washington becomes commander in chief
• attack Canada and treaty with Indians-both possible 13th colony
• Olive Branch Petition

• The tall, dignified Virginia planter had never risen above the rank of a colonel in the militia and his largest command had numbered only 1200 men
• He radiated patience, courage, self-discipline, and a sense of justice; he was a great moral force rather than a great military mind—he insisted on serving without pay, though he kept a careful expense account amounting to more than $100,000
• Although he lost more pitched battles than he won, the distinguished Virginian was gifted with outstanding powers of leadership and immense strength of character

two British forts Americans captured

June 17, 1775, mostly on and around Breed's Hill, during the Siege of Boston early in the American Revolutionary War

general during the American Revolutionary War who originally fought for the American Continental Army but defected to the British Army

• Common Sense
• crack brain zealot for democracy

book by Thomas Paine

claim all the rights and protections of English citizenship

• 1764
• no protection during Pontiac's Rebellion
• massacre of peaceful Indians

• 1763
•  war by a loose confederation of elements of Native American tribes who were dissatisfied with British postwar policies in the Great Lakes region after the British victory in the French and Indian War

mob in North Carolina

ability of one group to manipulate and control the actions of another group by withholding funding

court orders that authorized customs officers to conduct general (non-specific) searches of premises for contraband

general taxes imposed on items and lands within a nation or colony. These are  taxes on goods that most people need or use, and tended to affect most free  people in the nation

External taxes are taxes more oriented toward tariffs and export/import taxes  levied against goods being shipping in (and out) of the nation

A duty imposed on imports to raise their price, making them less attractive to consumers

Pays interest on debts and funds the government

• Locke
• life, liberty, pursuit of happiness

earliest history man lived in a "state of nature." No government existed

responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases originating on the high seas

A condition urged by many as a requirement for legitimate government : that the authority of a government should depend on the people

statement written by Samuel Adams and passed by the Massachusetts House of Representatives in February 1768

HMS Gaspée, a British customs schooner that had been enforcing unpopular trade regulations, ran aground in shallow water on June 9, 1772, near what is now known as Gaspee Point in the city of Warwick, Rhode Island, while chasing the packet boat Hannah. A group of men led by Abraham Whipple and John Brown attacked, boarded, looted, and torched the ship

British army officer who rose to become Commander-in-Chief of British forces during the American War of Independence

Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, which announced that the 13 American colonies, then at war with Great Britain, regarded themselves as independent states, and no longer a part of the British Empire

• British army officer, politician and dramatist
• surrenders 6000 men in 2nd Battle of Freeman's Farm

• credited with being one of the fathers of the Continental Army in teaching them the essentials of military drills, tactics, and disciplines
• Prussian-born military officer who served as inspector general and Major General of the Continental Army

• at Trenton, the Americans took prisoners, arms and supplies but quickly withdrew after winning the Battle of Princeton
• America won both

• turning point of the war
• France formally announced its aid to America

• Albany Congress
• founding father of America

major general of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War, known for his successful command in the Southern Campaign, forcing British general Charles Cornwallis to abandon the Carolinas and head for Virginia

remembered as one of the leading British generals in the American War of Independence. His surrender in 1781 to a combined American and French force at the Siege of Yorktown ended significant hostilities in North America

• soldier from Virginia and the highest ranking American military officer on the northwestern frontier during the American Revolutionary War. He served as leader of the Kentucky militia throughout much of the war
• Conqueror of the old northwest

• Scottish sailor and the United States' first well-known naval fighter in the American Revolution
• "Father of the United States Navy"

French admiral. He is best known for his command of the French fleet at the Battle of the Chesapeake, which led directly to the British surrender at Yorktown.

1781, was a decisive victory by a combined force of American Continental Army led by General George Washington and French Army troops led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by British lord and Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis

American statesman, Patriot, diplomat, a Founding Father of the United States, signer of the Treaty of Paris, and the first Chief Justice of the United States

• 1783
• ended the American Revolutionary War between Great Britain on one side and the United States of America and its allies on the other

French aristocrat and military officer, was a general in the American Revolutionary War

to restrict (property) by limiting the inheritance to the owner's lineal descendants or to a particular class thereof

right, by law or custom, of the firstborn son to inherit the family estate, in preference to siblings

agreement among the 13 founding states that established the United States of America as a confederation of sovereign states and served as its first constitution

• 1785
• foundations of land policy
• raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original states

armed uprising that took place in central and western Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787

• 1787
• provided a method for admitting   new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed   in the territory

six miles square divided into 36 sections that are 1 mile square

1786 at Annapolis, Maryland, of 12 delegates from five states (New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Virginia) that unanimously called for a constitutional convention.

Alexander Hamilton was a Founding Father of the United States, chief of staff to General Washington, one of the most influential interpreters and promoters of the Constitution, the founder of the nation's financial system, and the founder of the first American political party

Father of the constitution

• large state plan
• bicameral-2 house legislature

• small state plan
• small states control the gov't
• unicameral-each state has an equal vote

• Connecticut Compromise
• Roger Sherman
• bicameral legislature
• money bills must begin in the House

• a slave counts as three-fifths of a person
• required for Southern support

• first American political party
• originally those forces in favor of the ratification of the Constitution

movement that opposed the creation of a stronger U.S. federal government and which later opposed the ratification of the Constitution of 1787

Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay promoting the ratification of the United States Constitution

men in the state of nature are naturally bad

believed in certain natural rights of men which limited the power of government since they could not be taken away

unofficial and long-lasting 17th- & 18th-century British policy of avoiding strict enforcement of parliamentary laws, meant to keep the American colonies obedient to England

independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory

central government with specific powers over a country or nation

• permanent union of political units for common action in relation to other units
• system of government that nations or states agree to join together under a central government

the central government possesses much authority and decision-making power. Local governing bodies simply serve as administrative arms of the central government.

powers specifically delegated to the Congress by the US Constitution

powers given to the states and not the federal government by the United States Constitution

powers in nations with a federal system of government that are shared by both the State and the federal government

John Hancock was a merchant, statesman, and prominent Patriot of the American Revolution. He served as president of the Second Continental Congress and was the first and third Governor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He is remembered for his large and stylish signature on the United States Declaration of Independence

farmers all fighting

mission within the operational area which aims to complete the goals of the assigned mission or task

when a person, team, army or other group loses a confrontation, and yet achieves some other moral gain

resolution passed by the British Parliament in an attempt to reach a peaceful settlement with the Thirteen Colonies immediately prior to the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War.

to Britain that says America only wants to take up arms to gain some freedom, not to separate from Britain

• 7-8-75
• wants to work with Britain
• George refuses, declares America in a state of rebellion

1775 was passed as a measure of retaliation by Great Britain against the general rebellion then going on in her American colonies, which became known as the American Revolutionary War. It declared and provided for a naval blockade against American ports.

American statesman from Virginia best known for the motion in the Second Continental Congress calling for the colonies' independence from Great Britain

They unanimously  approved this resolution requiring their delegates to the  Continental Congress to propose to the full Congress that the united  colonies ought to be "free  and independent States, absolved from all allegiance  to, or dependence upon,  the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain." This started  a chain of events  that led to the Declaration  of Independence only a few months later. Richard Henry Lee actually  submitted the resolution to Congress on June 7.Read more: http://www.revolutionary-war-and-beyond.com/virginia-resolution-proposing-independence.html#ixzz2ffvRS3En

The American Crisis was a series of pamphlets published from 1776 to 1783 during the American Revolution by eighteenth century enlightenment Philosopher and author Thomas Paine.

fought between the American army of Major General George Washington and the British army of General Sir William Howe on September 11, 1777. The British defeated the Americans and forced them to withdraw toward the rebel capital of Philadelphia

neighborhood in the northwest section of the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States, about 7–8 miles northwest from the center of the city. The neighborhood is rich in historic sites and buildings from the colonial era

decisive battle between the Patriot and Loyalist militias in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. The actual battle took place on October 7, 1780, nine miles south of the present-day town of Kings Mountain, where the Patriot militia defeated the Loyalist militia commanded by British Major Patrick Ferguson

decisive victory by the Continental Army forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War over the British Army led by Colonel Banastre Tarleton. It was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British

collective name for the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution. Proposed to assuage the fears of Anti-Federalists who had opposed Constitutional ratification, these amendments guarantee a number of personal freedoms, limit the government's power in judicial and other proceedings, and reserve some powers to the states and the public

May 25 to September 17, 1787, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address problems in governing the United States of America, which had been operating under the Articles of Confederation following independence from Great Britain. Although the Convention was intended to revise the Articles of Confederation, the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison and Alexander Hamilton, was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one

• Montesquieu
• executive, judicial, and legislative

• keeps absolute power divided
• each branch makes sure the others don't get too strong

elastic clause- constitution doesn't specifically give power to government, they don't have that power

constitution doesn't prohibit power of government, they have the power

• Economic Interpretation of the Constitution
• property classes sought to protect themselves

principal's approval of an act of its agent where the agent lacked authority to legally bind the principal. The term applies to private contract law, international treaties, and constitutionals in federations such as the United States and Canada