Anatomy chapter 2 the chemistry of life

The study of living molecules that compose living organisms

Simplest form of matter with unique chemical properties

Number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Determine the chemical properties of an atom

An atom with a full outer energy level is very stable

Are in the outermost shell, they interact with other atoms. Determining chemical bonding properties of an atom.

Differ from one another only in the number of neutrons therefore in the atomic mass

Exhibit the same chemical behavior, they differ in physical behavior

Radiation

Unstable isotopes that give off radiation, every element has at least one

Radioisotopes decay to stage isotopes, releasing radiation

Charged particles with unequal #of protons & electrons

Transfer of electrons from one atom to another (^stability of valence shell)

Atom that gained electron (- charge)

Atom that loses an electron (+ charge)

They are attracted to each other.

2 or more atoms held together by a chemical bond.....

N2

Molecules composed of 2 or more different elements

CO2

Shows elements and how many atoms of each are present

Location of each atom,  structural isomers are revealed

Molecules with identical molecular formula but different arrangement of their atoms

• Ionic
• covalent
• hydrogen

Attraction of oppositely charged ion, electron is donated by one and received by the other.

Weak

Is formed by sharing of valence electrons

• Single
• double
• non polar
• polar

Sharing a single pair of electrons

Sharing two pairs of electrons

Shared electrons and the strongest of all bonds

Negative charge where electrons spend most of the time

The weakest of the bonds, weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen in another.

• Water molecules
• dna
• proteins

Capacity to do work, to move something

Stored energy, not doing work

Potential energy stored in the molecular bonds

Water behind a dam

Energy of motion

Moving water flowing through a dam

A process in which a covalent bond is formed or broken

Symbolizes the course of a chemical reaction, has to be balanced

• Decomposition
• synthesis
• exchange

Large molecules broken into smaller ones, a chemical bond is broken, energy is released

Carbohydrate metabolism

Exergonic reaction

Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one, needs energy (enderogonic reaction) to create this bond

Protein synthesis

Two molecules exchange atoms or group of atoms

Go in either direction

Molecule give up electrons and releases energy, oxygen is the acceptor

Accepting molecule

Molecule gains electrons and energy

Molecule is reduced when it accepts electrons, donating agent is the reducing agent

Electrons are often transferred as hydrogen atoms

• Water
• acid
• bases
• salts

Water and solutions

A salute that disasociated to release hydrogen ions and shift pH toward acidity

A salute that removes hydrogen ions from a solution shifting the pH to basic or alkaline

Reactions of an acid with a base

Consists of substances that are physically blended but not chemically combined

Water

Is the ability to dissolve other chemicals

Solvent + solute

Liquid and dissolved

Water

Is what you add to the liquid

Pitcher of water and add crystal light, the solution is iced tea

Mixture of a salute into a solvent

• Small solute particles
• solution is transparent
• remains mixed

Mixture of protein and water

• Change from liquid to gel state
• particles too large to pass through cell membrane
• cloudy
• remains mixed

• Albumin protein in blood
• gelatin
• agar culture media

Are proton donors, release H+ ions

is proton acceptor, accepts H+ ions

The negative exponent of hydrogen ion concentration in a solution measured in moles per liter

A mixture of chemicals that resists changes in pH when acid or base is added to the solution

Prevent change

• Carbohydrates
• lipids
• proteins
• nucleotides and nucleic acid

Binds with other atoms that can provide it with four more electrons to fill its valence shell

Long chains, and branched molecules that serve as the backbone for organic molecules and carries a variety of functional groups

Atoms attached to carbon backbone, determines chemical properties

Very large molecules, since carbon can form long chains, some organic molecules are giganticn

• Starch
• protein
• dna

Molecules made of a repetitive series of identical or similar subunit called monomers

An identical unit or similar subunit

Joining monomers to form a polymer, formed by dehydration synthesis

Glucose

Amino acids

Monomers covalently bond together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule

A hydroxyl group is removed from one monomer and a hydrogen from the next

Splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule, a covalent bond is broken

Hydrolysis reactions

CH2O

Is a simple sugar, their formula is c6h12o6

• Glucose
• galactose
• fructose

Is the most important source of energy, 'metabolic fuel', and is blood sugar

By the digestion of complex carbohydrates

Sugar composed of two monosaccharides

• Sucrose-table sugar=glucose+fructose
• lactose-sugar in milk=glucose+galactose
• maltose-grain products=glucose+glucose

Chains of glucose subunits

• Starch
• cellulose
• glycogen

Energy storage in plants, digestible by humans for energy

Structural molecule of plant cell walls, fiber in our diet

Energy storage in animals, found in liver and muscle tissue, if energy is need glycogen can be broken down to glucose

Hydrophobic, composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

• Fatty acids
• triglycerides
• phospholipids
• eiconsoids
• steroids

Energy storage, insulation and shock absorbtion

Structural foundation of the cell membrane

Good cholesterol, may help prevent cardiovascular disease

Bad cholesterol, may increase risk of cardiovascular disease

A polymer of amino acids

• Central carbon with three attachments.
• amino group NH2
• carboxyl group COOH
• radical group R group

R group

Sequence of amino acids along length

H bonding causing spiral, coiling,  folding effect

Further coiling and bending into globular and fibrous shapes

Associations of two or more separate polypeptide chains to form a larger molecule

• Structure
• communication
• membrane transport
• catalysis
• recognition and protection
• movement
• cell adhesion

Collagen and keratin

Some hormones and cell receptors

Channels and carriers

Enzymes

Immune recognition, antibodies, and dotting proteins

Molecular motor=molecules that can change shape repeatedly

Proteins bind cells together, keeps tissues from falling apart

Proteins that speed up a reaction by lowering the activation energy

Substance an enzyme acts upon

Temperature and pH

7.0 and 2.0

• Substrate approaches enzyme molecule
• substrate binds to active site forming enzyme substrate complex
• enzyme breaks bonds in substrate
• reaction products released
• enzyme repeats process over and over

Non protein partners, bind to enzyme and change its shape, and essential to function

• Organic cofactors derived from water soluble vitamins
• transfers electrons between enzymes

• Nitrogenous base
• sugar
• one or more phosphate groups

• ATP
• cAMP
• DNA
• RNA

When a high energy bond is broken

Addition of free phosphate groups to another molecule

Double stranded and held together by h bonding. Responsible for cell division, sexual reproduction, protein synthesis

Involved in protein synthesis is coded for by DNA, single stranded

• Transfer
• messenger
• ribsomal