bio 115

• Joseph Lister
• Louis Pasteur
• Robert Koch

1st to develop aseptic techniques in medical settings

• "Father of Microbiology"
• invented pasteurization which is to destroy microbes in products like milk to prevent spoilage and infection
• developed Germ Theory of Disease

developed Koch's Postulates-proof that links a certain pathogenic microbe with a certain disease

cheese bread beer wine and antibiotics

• genus is always capitalized
• species is always lower case
• both names are italicized (or underlined if hand written)

combination of genus name followed by a species name

• immunology
• epidemiology
• pubic health
• food microbiology
• agricultural microbiology
• aquatic microbiology
• genetic engineering
• recombinant DNA technology

Fleming

Edward Jenner

• polar
• monotrichous
• lophotrichous
• amphitrichous
• peritrichous

• flagella attached at one or both ends (3 subtype)
• monotrichous, lophotrichous, amphitrichous

single flagellum

multiple flagella emerging from same site

multiple flagella coming out of both ends

flagella dispersed random on surface of the cell

movement of a cell towards a favorable chemical stimulus (usually a nutrient)

movement away from a repellent (potential harmful) compound

thick cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane

out membrane thin peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane

sperical

in pairs round

group of 4

irregular clusters

chain

cubical packet 8

rod

in pairs rods

chain

rods are parallel

rigid helix like cork-screw spirilla

flexible helix

• mathanogens
• halophiles
• acidophiles
• barophiles
• psychropliles
• hyperthmophiles

• mud
• can produce methane gas

require salt to grow and can tolerate habitat with extreme salt concentration

prefer to live in highly acidic (low ph) environment

can tolerate habitats of extreme pressure-ruptures

flourish at very low temp-polar ice snow

flourish at vey high temp-volcanoes

• streak plate
• pour plate
• spread plate

• liquid
• semisolid
• solid synthetic (chemically defined)
• non synthetic (complex)
• general purpose media
• enriched media
• selective media
• differential media

• physical state
• broth
• does not solidify because does not contain agar

• physical state
• clot like consistency
• contains a solidifying agent (agar or gelatin)

• physical state
• firm surface for colony formation
• contains a solidifying agent (agar slant or deep)

• chemical composition media
• all components and their concentrations are known
• most commonly used media for research because everything is known

• chemical composition media
• contains at least one ingredient of unknown composition and/or concentration (amount)

• functional type media
• grows a broad range of microbes
• usually non synthetic (TSA)

• functional type media
• enriched with special growth factors (blood, serum, etc) that the microbe need to grow

• functional type media
• contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes

• functional type media
• allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among desired and undesired microbes

• light source
• condenser
• specimen
• objective
• ocular
• eye

• direct light to objective
• prevents refractive lost of light

• simple stain
• differential stain
• special stain
• capsule stain
• basic dye
• acidic dye
• positive staining
• negative staining

one dye is used to reveal shapes and arrangements

• use a primary stain and a counterstain to distinguish cell types or parts
• (ex) gram stain, acid-fast stain, and endospore stain)

• reveal certain cell parts not revealed by conventional methods
• (ex) capsule and flagella stain)

• a type of special stain
• negatively stained because the capsule does not react with most dyes
• uses an acidic dye to stain background
• the capsule remains colorless

positively charged (cationic)

negatively charges (anionic)

surface of microbes are negatively charged and attract basic dyes

• microbes repels dye
• the dye stains the background

must obtain carbon in an organic form made by other living organisms such as proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids

• an organism that uses co2, an inorganic gas, as its carbon source
• NOT nutritionally dependent on other living things

• mutualism
• commensalism
• parasitism

both members benefit ++

one member benefits, other member not harmed +o

one member dependent and benefits (parasite), other member (host) is harmed +-

• must be provided to  an organism
• macronutrients
• micronutrients or trace element

requires large quantity (protein carbohydrates sugar)

requires small amount (manganese, zinc, nickel)

• aerobe
• obligate aerobe
• facultative anaerobe
• microaerophilic
• anaerobe
• obligate anaerobe
• aerotolerant  anaerobe

• uses oxygen and can detoxify it
• gets rid of toxins

cannot grow without oxygen

• uses oxygen but can also grow in its absence
• not going to die if its there but it fine if is not

requires only a small amount of oxygen

• does not use oxygen
• dies in the presents of oxygen

lacks the enzymes to detoxify so cannot survive in an oxygen environment

does not use oxygen but can survive and grow in its presence

facultative anaerobe uses oxygen while aerotolerant doesn't but tolerates it

• more solute in solution vs. fluid in cell
• cell shrinks or shrivels
• aka crenation
• water comes out of cell

• less solute in solution vs. fluids in cell
• cell swells or burst (lysis)
• water goes in cell

• equal amount of solute concentration in both cell and fluid
• stays the same shape

• turbidity reading
• direct microscopic count
• viable colony count

• most simple
• degree if turbidity (cloudiness) reflects the relative population size
• the more cloudy the more population growth

• count all cells present living or dead
• automated or manual
• enumeration of bacteria

• involves plating out the bacteria, counting the number of colonies, and performing a mathematical equation to determine the number of bacteria in a sample
• more accurate because only count living bacteria
• enumeration of bacteria