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Penitentiary Act of 1779
- secure and sanity
- systematic inspections
- no fees to prisoners
- reformatory regime
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Categories of Offenders in Jail
- pending arraignment, awaiting trial, conviction, or sentencing
- probation, parole, and bail bond violators
- juveniles, pending transfer to juvenile authorities
- mentally ill, pending movement to mental health facilities
- military, for protective custody, contempt, or as court witnesses
- inmates pending transfer to state or federal facilities
- offenders assigned to work release
- inmates sentenced for misdemeanor offenses
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Regional Jails
- Sheriff (or elected county official) has responsibility for jail management
- Funded and operated by multiple small counties to maximize resources
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Reasons for Increased Incarceration Rates
- "tough on crime" mentality
- "shock time"
- overcrowding of state and federal prisons
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Jail Admission
- identification, fingerprinting, property is inventoried
- post bail - release
- doesn't post bail - classification, mental health screening, physical
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Classification of Jail Inmates
- need for detox?
- potential suicide risk?
- protective custody?
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Leading Cause of Death in Jail
Suicide
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Jail Staff Jobs
- deputies assigned to housing units
- transportation of inmates between jail and court
- clerical and maintenance
- administrative
- professional and technical
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First Generation Cells
- linear design in which cells are aligned in long, straight rows with walkways in front of them
- problem: correctional officers cannot see everything going on in the cells
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Podular Design
- common area in the middle of the cells for inmate recreation
- problem: common area could be an issue - disputes between inmates
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Second Generation Jails
- officers in a secure control room overlooking cells and day room
- problem: correctional officers are removed from interaction with inmates, technological problems
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Third Generation Jails
- Officers are located in the housing unit in direct contract with inmates
- problem: correction officers have direct contact with inmates (i.e.: riots)
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Issues Related to Jails
- mental illness
- drug and alcohol addictions
- suicide
- sexual assault
- housing juveniles
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Bell v. Wolfish (1979)
- federal jail in NYC was overcrowded - did this violate the 8th amendment?
- Supreme Court ruled that it did not violate the 8th
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Reducing Suicide in Jails
- suicide watch - most inmate suicides occur within the first week after intake
- screening-risk assessment at admission
- suicide prevention programs - training staff is critical however
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