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The __________ projects anteriorly into the body cavity.
Vertebral Body
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What part of a vertebrae bears the most weight?
Vertebral Body
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The ________ projects posteriorly.
Spinous Process
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The _______ projects laterally.
Transverse Process
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The _______ is found between the pedicle and lamina.
Transverse Process
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The _________ is the most easily palpated bony landmark on the vertebrae.
Spinous Process
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The _________ is found between the spinous and transverse process.
Lamina
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The _________ is found between the transverse process and vertebral body.
Pedicle
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The __________ allows the spinal cord to pass through the vertebral column.
Vertebral Foramen
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The _________ is a hole between adjacent vertebrae that allows spinal nerves to pass through.
Intervertebral Foramen
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What is a facet?
A place where ribs (costal facets) and other vertebrae (articular facets) articulate with one another.
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What are intervertebral discs made of?
Fibrocartilage
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What are the two parts that make up an intervertebral disc?
Annulus fibrosis and Nucleus pulposus
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What is the purpose of Annulus fibrosis?
It has lots of collagen so it creates tensile strength.
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What is the purpose of Nucleus pulposus?
It is good at absorbing shock.
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What is a herniated disc?
The nucleus pulposus "bursts" out of the annulus fibrosis, causing compression on spinal nerves.
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What is Lordosis?
An exaggeration of the lumbar (or cervical) curvature.
Note: it's not as common in the cervical curvature
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What is Kyphosis?
An exaggeration of the thoracic curvature
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What is Scoliosis?
An abnormal lateral curvature of the vertebral column
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- Cervical Curvature
- Thoracic Curvature
- Lumbar Curvature
- Sacral Curvature
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DEFINE: flexion
- Forward movement
- Ventral surfaces come together
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DEFINE: extension
- backward movement
- Dorsal surfaces come together
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DEFINE: lateral flexion
- Side to side movement
- Sideways movement
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DEFINE: rotation
Pivoting/spinning along a central axis
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What are the 4 muscle groups of the back from superficial to deep?
- Spinotransversalis
- Erector spinae
- Transversospinalis
- Suboccipitals
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What are the two muscles found within the Spinotransversalis group.
Splenius capitis and Splenius cervicis
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What are the three muscles of the Erector spinae group from lateral to medial?
- Iliocostalis
- Longissimus
- Spinalis
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What are the two muscles of the Transversospinalis group?
-
What are the four muscles of the Suboccipitals group?
- Rectus capitis posterior minor
- Rectus capitis posterior major
- Obliquus capitis superior
- Obliquus capitis inferior
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Tight __________ can cause tension headaches.
Suboccipital muscles
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Which of the vertebral extensor muscles extend the head?
- Splenius capitis
- Spinalis
- Longissimus
- Semispinalis
- Suboccipitals
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Which of the vertebral extensor muscles laterally flex and rotate the vertebral column?
- Splenius capitis
- Splenius cervicis
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Which of the vertebral extensor muscles rotate the vertebral column?
- Splenius capitis
- Splenius cervicis
- Suboccipitals
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Which of the vertebral extensor muscles laterally flex the vertebral column?
- Splenius capitis
- Splenius cervicis
- Longissimus
- Iliocostalis
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The splenius capitis is superficial to the _________.
Erector spinae group
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The splenius capitis runs from the ________ to the _______.
Upper Trunk and Head
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A bilateral contraction of splenius capitis causes _______.
extension of the head
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A unilateral contraction of splenius capitis causes ________________.
lateral flexion and rotation of the head
-
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The splenius cervicis is superficial to the _______.
Erector spinae group
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The splenius cervicis runs from the ________ to the ________.
Upper Trunk and Neck
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A bilateral contraction of splenius cervicis causes _________.
extension of the neck
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A unilateral contraction of splenius cervicis causes _________________.
lateral flexion and rotation of the neck
-
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The iliocostalis is superficial to ___________ in the lumbar region.
Multifidus
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Iliocostalis is the ________ erector spinae muscle.
Lateral
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The iliocostalis runs from the _______ and _______ to the _______ along the _________.
Sacrum, Ilium, Neck and Ribs
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A bilateral contraction of iliocostalis causes ___________.
extension of the vertebral column
-
A unilateral contraction of iliocostalis causes _________.
lateral flexion of the vertebral column
-
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The Longissimus is the ___________ erector spinae muscle.
Intermediate (middle - not medial)
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The longissimus runs from the ________ and _______ to the _______ along the ___________.
Sacrum, Ilium, Head and Transverse Processes
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A bilateral contraction of the longissimus causes ___________.
extension of vertebral column and head
-
A unilateral contraction of longissimus causes ___________.
lateral flexion of the vertebral column and head
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The ___________ is the only erector spinae muscle that runs from the sacrum and ilium to the head.
Longissimus
-
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The spinalis muscle is the _________ erector spinae muscle.
- Medial
- "Spinalis is by the spine"
-
The spinalis muscle runs from the ________ to the _______ along the _________.
Upper Lumbar Vertebrae, Skull and Spinous Processes
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A contraction of the spinalis muscle causes ___________.
extension of the vertebral column and head
*It does NOT laterally flex or rotate the vertebral column because it is too medial.*
-
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The semispinalis muscle is __________ to the suboccipitals.
Superficial
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The semispinalis runs from the _______ to the ________.
Thoracic Vertebrae and Skull
-
A contraction of the semispinalis muscle causes _________.
extension of the upper vertebral column and head
-
-
The Multifidus muscle is ______ to the suboccipitals.
Inferior
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The Multifidus muscle is the ________ muscle in the thoracic region.
Deepest
-
The Multifidus muscle is _______ to __________ at the caudal end.
Deep and Iliocostalis
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The Multifidus muscle runs from the _________ and _______ to _______ along the ________ and __________.
Sacrum, Ilium, C2, Transverse and Spinous Processes
-
A contraction of Multifidus causes _______.
extension of the vertebral column
-
The _________ is the most important muscle for postural support of the vertebral column.
Multifidus
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All muscle in the body "radio" their position to the brain. This is called ___________.
Proprioception
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Proprioception is especially important in the ___________ because it is bad if you "lose" your spine :)
Multifidus muscle
-
-
The suboccipitals are directly deep to the __________.
Semispinalis
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The suboccipitals are superior to __________.
Multifidus
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The suboccipitals attach to ______, _______ and the _________.
C1, C2 and the Occiput
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Together the suboccipitals cause _________ and _______ of the ________.
extension, rotation and Skull
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