Biol 160 Exam 1

Proton (H+) can freely penetrate bacterial cell membrane
True
False
True False

Oxygen can freely penetrate bacterial cell membrane.
True
False
True False

NH3 can freely penetrate bacterial cell membrane.
True
False
True False

NH4+ can freely penetratebacterial cell membrane.
True
False
True False

Protein can freely penetrate bacterial cell membrane
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False
True False

The energy in the proton gradient is both (      a      ) and (     b        ). The (       a         ) energy exists because a positive charge (i.e., the proton) has been moved to one side of the membrane, creating a charge separation, and therefore a membrane potential. Another type of energy is also stored in terms of proton concentration. This type of energy that is stored in a concentration gradient contributes to (      b           ) energy.

(                ) is an enzyme complex that couples the translocation of protons down a proton gradient potential gradient to the phosphorylation of ADP to make ATP.

(           ) absorbed by bacteriorhodopsin can drive the creation of Δp.

Most ionophores are organic compounds that form lipid-soluble complexes with (                        ) (e.g., K+, Na+, H+) and rapidly equilibrate these across the cell membrane.

(                             ) is a commonly used K+ionophore

If ATP synthase is prevented by a proton ionophore, this implies that a current of (                              ) carries the energy for ATP synthesis.

Under standard conditions (1 M for all solutes and gases at 1 atm), the (                   ) has the symbol E₀.

Potential differences are given in volts but work units are in (                     ).

(          ) electron transfer commonly occurs in bacteria that use inorganic compounds (e.g., ammonia, nitrite, sulfur) as a source of electrons to reduce NAD+ for biosynthesis of cell material, since these electron donors are at a potential higher than (                                  ).

A respiration-linked Na+ pump (a Na+ dependent NADH-quinone reductase) has been reported in several (                                  ) marine bacteria that require high concentrations of Na+ (0.5 M) for optimal growth.

The halophiles have a second light-driven electrogenic ion pump, but one that does not energize the membrane. This pump is called (                                  ).

In fermenting bacteria, ATP is hydrolyzed via the (                     two words                       ) to create the Δp that is necessary for membrane activities such as solute transport and flagella rotation.

Name two ways that a certain bacteria use to build the sodium (Na+) potential.

In the presence of light and low oxygen levels, the halophiles adapt by making photopigments, one of which functions as a proton pump that is energized directly by light energy. What is this?

If one says that ATP synthase is reversible. What does this mean?

Respiring prokaryotes are able to couple electrons flow to the creation of an electrochemical proton gradient. Question is “such electron flow happens in cytoplasm.”
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False
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The quinones represent one type of the electron carrier proteins.
True
False
True False

All the iron-sulfur proteins have the same electrode potential (i.e. the ability to donate electrons).
True
False
True False

Some bacteria can use compounds other than O2 for terminal electron acceptors (during electron transport).
True False

You can say that the donation of electron from Fe2+ to O2 is favorable. (Hint: the standard electrode potentials (Eo’) of Fe3+/Fe2+ and O2(1 atm)/H2O are +771 and +815, respectively)
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False
True False

One refers to electron flow via electron carriers in membrane as respiration. If the terminal electron acceptor is oxygen, then electron flow is called (                ) respiration. If it is not oxygen, it is called (             )respiration.

The electrons are not carried in the protein per se, but in a non-protein molecule bound to the protein. The non-protein portion that carries the electron is called a (             two words               )

Bacteria are capable of using electron acceptors other than oxygen like nitrate and fumarate during anaerobic respiration. The enzyme complexes that reduce electron acceptors other than oxygen are called(                        ), rather than oxydases.

Sites in the electron transport pathway at which redox reactions are coupled to proton extrusion creating a Δp are called (             two words               ).

The number of (               ) made for every 2e- transfer to oxygen is called the P/O ratio.

Proton translocation takes place at coupling sites when electron travel downhill over a potential gradient of at least(                 ) mV.

The color of green photosynthetic bacteria is green.
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False
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All photosynthetic bacteria generate O₂ during photosynthesis process.
True
False
True False

Photosynthesis happens in the cytoplasm
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False
True False

You can say that oxygenic photosynthetic event precedes aerobic respiration process in evolution perspective.
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False
True False

Photosynthetic bacteria can use UV light for energy generation.
True
False
True False

In anoxygenic phototrophs, organic compounds, inorganic (             ) compounds, or hydrogen gas are used as a source of electrons. These organisms will grow(                      ) only anaerobically or when oxygen tensions are low.

In photosynthesis, (                ) is used to drive an (               ) circuit, which drives a proton circuit, which in turn drives ATP synthesis.

To grow, all organisms must reduce NAD(P)+ to (                  ). In green sulfur photosynthetic bacteria, the electrons for reducing NAD(P)+ come directly from the photosynthetic (             two words               ). On the other hand, purple photosynthetic bacteria use the DP created by light energy to drive electron transport to NAD(P)+ in (                 ).

The light-harvesting complexes of the purple photosynthetic bacteria are localized in the (             two words               ), while in green photosynthetic bacteria, the light-harvesting pigments are not in the cell membrane, but rather in (                         ).

The chlorophylls are substituted (                      ) related to heme. The differences are that chlorophylls have (          ) in the center of the tetrapyrrole rather than (            ).

Carotenoids perform a function in addition to serving as a light-harvesting pigment. They protect against (                    ).

To make NH₃ from N₂, life chose to use NADPH instead of NADH.
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False
True False

Hypothetically there can be a chemolithotroph that uses Fe2+ as an electron donor and NO3-as an electron acceptor. (see Table 13.2).
True
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Sometimes reduced nitrogen and sulfur compounds are not incorporated into cell material.
True
False
True False

Nitrate assimilation requires two membrane-bound enzymes: nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase.
True
False
True False

Sulfate reducers are heterotrophic aerobes mostly in aerobic parts of fresh water and in seawater.
True
False
True False

Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is toxic.
True
False
True False

Anaerobic respiration is one way of nitrate / sulfate reductions.
True
False
True False

Only microbes can fix nitrogen (N₂ -> NH₃)
True
False
True False

CO (carbon monoxide) can be the sole source of energy and carbon.
True
False
True False

To be able to grow on ferrous sulfate, bacteria should transport Fe²⁺ to the cell membrane.
True
False
True False

In the (                    ) pathways, the nitrate and sulfate are used as electron acceptors during anaerobic respiration.

The enzyme responsible for nitrogen fixation is very similar even in the very different bacteria, suggesting that the nitrogenase gene may have been transferred (                       ) between different groups of bacteria.

During this process, the ammonia that is produced via nitrogen fixation is incorporated into cell material by means of(                            ) and (                            ).

The nitrogenase is composed of two components: MoFe protein and Fe protein. Both protein complexes contain (                    ) centers.

All the lithotrophs, with the possible exception of the hydrogen oxidizers and CO oxidizers, must carry out (                     )electron transport to generate NAD(P)H for biosynthesis.

The nitrogenase for nitrogen fixation is (            ) sensitive and therefore must be protected from (                     ), either in specialized cells: (                     ) in the case of cyanobacteria, or in leguminous nodules, or perhaps by unusually high rate of (                   ).

Sulfate assimilation starts with the formation of APS (adenosine-5’-phosphosulfate). To make this compound, 2 ATP will be used, so it is not a free reaction. Then why do you need APS?

The reaction below is spontaneous.
(Glucose-6-P + H2O -> glucose + Pi
(ΔGo’ = -14 kJ/mol)
True
False
True False

If you mix ATP and glucose together in a test tube, you will make glucose-6-phosphate.
(ATP+glucose -> glucose-6-phosphate + ADP, ΔGo’ = -21 kJ/mol)
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False

In microorganisms, ATP is the only high-energy compound.
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True False

When ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP, gamma phosphate is removed.
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False
True False

Bonds that have a standard free energy of hydrolysis at pH 7 equal to or greater than (               )/mol are usually called “high-energy” bonds.

ATP is usually drawn with two squiggles because there are two phosphate ester bonds with a high free energy of (                      ).

At pH 7, the phosphate groups of ATP areionized. This produces (          two words          ) between the negatively charged phosphates, which accounts for much of the free energy of hydrolysis. Reactions during which phosphate is removed from ATP will be favored because the (         two words           ) is decreased as a result of hydrolysis.

Enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl group transfer reactions are called (                       ).

The hydrolysis of PEP removes the phosphate and allows the enol form of pyruvic acid to tautomerize into the (             ) form. Energy is released because the (             ) form is more stable than the enol form.

ATP in the soluble part of the cell is made by phosphorylating ADP in a process called (     three words                 )

ATP can be a donor of (                ), (           two words                  ), and (               two words                       )

Glycolysis happens in the cell membrane.
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Glycolysis is reversible.
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True False

When bacteria metabolize glucose through aerobic respiration, they do not do (or go through) glycolysis.
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True False

Glycolysis generates NADH as well as ATP.
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True False

Glycolysis has to be regulated depending on the cellular level of ATP.
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True False

Some bacteria do not have the TCA cycle.
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False
True False

Bacteria can use pentose phosphate pathway as well for ATP generation.
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False
True False

Our best friend, E. coli uses (       ) to grow on gluconate and (          ) to grow on glucose.

The glyoxylate cycle is required by aerobic bacteria to grow on (       two words          ) and (                      ).

List three major carbohydrate pathways.

Main sites where glycolysis is regulated by small compounds.