-
Interneurons
Connect neurons to other neurons. Major role in withdraw reflex.
-
Frontal Lobe
- Holds primary motor cortex.
- Voluntary complex movement
- Judgement
- Attention
- Awareness
- Thinking
- Mood
- Aggression
-
Broca's Area
- Motor speech.
- 95% of people have it in left lobe.
-
Parietal Lobe
- Holds primary sensory cortex
- Perception
- Short term memory
- Homonculus
-
Temporal Lobe
- Primary auditory cortex
- Visual perception
- Musical discrimination
- Long term memory
-
Wernicke's Area
- Hearing and understanding language.
- In temporal lobe
-
Occipital Lobe
- Holds primary visual cortex
- Sensory visual intake info occurs at the primary visual cortex
-
Cerebellum
- Balance
- Posture
- Coordination
- Complex muscular movements
- Monitors movement requested vs movement prefered
-
Right Hemisphere
- Grasp general concepts
- Nonverbal
- Artistic
- Processing info without looking at entire picture
- Spatial awareness
- Anger/unhappiness
- Perceiving negative emotions
-
Left Hemisphere
- Language
- Happiness
- Verbal
- Analytic
- Logical
- Linear
-
Basal Ganglia
- Base of cerebrum
- Posture and muscle tone regulation
- Control motor planning in the cerebrum
-
Dienchephalon
Thalamus and hypothalamus
-
Thalamus
Relay station for all afferent impulses but smell
-
Hypothalamus
- Homeostasis
- Autonomic
- Endocrine
- ANS
- Controls pituitary
-
Brain Stem
Mid brain, pons, and medulla
-
Midbrain
Relay area for all afferent impulses but smell
-
Pons
- Regulates breathing
- Orientation of head (head rightening)
- Has CN V-VIII
-
Medulla Oblongata
- Extension of SC
- Motor and sensory for neck and mouth
- Controls HR
- Controls RR
- Reflect center for vomiting, sneezing, swallowing, homeostasis
-
Internal Capsule
Motor counterpart of the thalamus
-
Oligodendroglia (Schwann cells when referring to PNS)
Wrap myelin sheath around axons
-
CNS
- Central nervous system
- Brain, cerebellum, brain stem, and SC
-
PNS
- Peripheral nervous system
- Somatic NS and autonomic NS
-
Afferent
- Sensory
- "A"scends spine
- Spinothalamic
- Posterior (Dorsal) Horn
-
Efferent
- Motor
- "E"xits brain/spine
- Corticospinal
- Anterior (Ventral) Horn
-
Neurotransmitters
Transmit info across space (synaptic cleft) between one neuron's axon to another neuron's dendrite
-
Corticospinal tract
- Motor
- Crosses over in brain stem
- Travels from frontal lobe to anterior horn cell in SC
-
Spinothalamic
- Pain and temp (sensation)
- Cross over in SC
-
Association Cortex
- Areas in lobes that link horizontally with other areas
- Allow ability to perceive and attach meaning to sensory experiences
- IE personality, memory intelligence, and generation of emotions
-
Primary Cortex
Control contralateral voluntary movement especially of UE and facial
-
Premotor Cortex
Control trunk and posture
-
Supplementary motor area
Initiate movement, orientation of eyes and head, preprogrammed movements like walking and driving
-
Impaired Left Hemisphere
- Inability to plan tasks (approxia)
- Difficulty initiating and sequencing tasks
- Difficulty producing and understanding speech
- Impaired motor behavior
- Anxiousness
-
Impaired Right Hemisphere
- Poor judgement
- Unrealistic expertations
- Denial of deficits
- Impaired body image
- Irritability
- Lethargy
-
Parkinsons is closely related to this structure
Basal ganglia
-
Limbic System
- Controls Learning
- Memory
- Pain
- Pleasure
- Rage
- Affection
- Sexual interest
- Fear/sorrow
- Hypothalamus part of it; controls primitive emotional reactions like rage and fear
-
SC ends here
- L1
- Extends through conus medullaris then becomes cauda equina (L2-S5 nerve roots)
-
-
-
-
Babinski Test
- Check for corticospinal damage
- A light touch going from heel to ball of foot
- If big toe extends and other toes fan out its a positive test usually meaning damage to corticospinal tract
- Doesn't apply to 6 months and under
-
Motor Unit
Alpha motor neuron and all muscle fibers that is innervates
-
UMN Lesion
Any damage from frontal cortex all the way to where the corticospinal tract to its end in the SC
-
LMN Lesion
At anterior horn, anterior horn cell, spinal root, spinal nerve and out
-
LMN Lesion SnS
- Flaccidity
- Muscle atrophy
- Twitching (fasciculations)
- Hyporeflexia
-
UMN Lesion SnS
- Spasticity
- Hyperrflexia
- + Babinski
- Possible clonus (jerking at foot)
-
Muscle Spindle
- Sensory organ in the muscle with motor and sensory endings and muscle fibers
- Fibers respond to CNS with regard to muscle length
-
Stretch Reflex
Tap muscle/spindle, sensory info hits dorsal root, goes to interneuron, then anterior horn cell, then immediately back to muscle without traveling up SC to the brain
-
DTRs Remain Intact Even With....
-
Somatic Nervous System
- Voluntary reactions to outside stimuli
- Skeletal muscle contraction
-
ANS
- Involuntary control of glads, smooth muscle, and myocardium
- Maintains homeostasis, digestion, and circulation
|
|