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Sensory Transduction
The Process by which sensory stimuli are transduced into slow, graded receptor potentials.
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Receptor Potential
A slow, graded electrical potential produced by a receptor cell in response to a physical stimulus.
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Hue
One of the perceptual dimensions of color; the dominant wavelenght
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Brightness
One of the Perceptual dimensions of color; intensity
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Saturatioin
One of the perceptual dimensions of color purity
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Accommodation
changes in the thickness of the eye, accomplished by the ciliary muscles, that focus images of images of images of near or distant objects on the retina
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Retina
The neural tissue and photoreceptive cells located on the inner surface of the portion of the eye.
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Rod
One of the receptor cell of the retina; sensitive to light of flow intensity.
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Cone
One of the receptor cell of the retina; maximally sensitive to one of the three different wavelengths of light and hence encodes color vision.
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Photoreceptor
One of the receptor cells of the retina; transduces photic energy into electrical potential.
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Optic Disk
The location of the exit point from the retina of the fibers of the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve; responsible for the blind spot.
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Bipolar Cell
A bipolar neuron located in the middle layer of the retina, conveying info from the photoreceptors to the ganglion cells
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Ganglion Cell
A neuron located in the retina that receives visual info from bipolar cells; its axon give rise to the optic nerve
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Horizontal Cell
A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent photoreceptors and the outer processes of the bipolar cells.
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Amacrine Cell
A neuron in the retina that interconnects adjacent ganglion cells and the bipolar cells
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Lamella
A layer of membrane containting photopigments; found in rods and cones of the retina.
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Photopigment
A protein dye bonded to retinal, a substance derived from vitamin A; responsible fro transduction of visual info.
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Opsin
A class of protein that, together with retinal, constitues the photopigments.
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Retinal
A chemical synthesized from vitamin a; joins with an opsin to form a photopigment.
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Rhodopsin
A particular opsin found in rods.
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Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
A group of cell bodies within the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus; receives inputs from the retina and projects to the primary visual cortex.
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Magnocellular Layer
One of the inner two layers of the neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmits info necessary for the perception of form, movement, depth, and small differences in brightness to the primary visual cortex.
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Parvocellular Layer
One of the four outer layers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus; transmits info necessary for perception of color and fine details to the primary visual cortex
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Calcarine Fissure
A horizontal fissure on the inner surface of the posterior cerebral cortex; the location of the primary visual cortex
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Koniocellular Sublayers
One of the sublayers of neurons in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus found ventral to each of the magnocellular and parvocellular layers; transmits info from short-wavelength cones to the primary visual cortex
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Functions of the Dorsal Stream...
form, movement, depths, and brightness
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Functions of the Ventral Stream..
color, fine visual details
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Association areas of the dorsal stream..
parietal and frontal cortex
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Association areas of the ventral stream
Temporal cortex
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Coding for color (Trichromatic Theory)
basic color mixing red-blue-green; 3 cone types long-medium-short
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Coding for Color(Opponent Process Theory)
ganglion cell throught on/off center/surround coding "see" in pair combinations...red/green & blue/yellow
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TEO
more posterior; probably simple 2D forms
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TE
more anterior; complex 3D forms and images
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Photoreceptor( NOTES, Definition)
a change in the membrane potential of the cell that directly changes neurotransmitter release(work hard in the dark, slowdown in the light)
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Ocular Dominace
The extent to which a particular neuron receives more input from one eye than from the other.
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Dorsal Stream
A system of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of spatial location, beginning with the striate cortex and ending with the Posterior parietal cortex
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Ventral Stream
A System of interconnected regions of visual cortex involved in the perception of form, beginning with the striate cortex; involved in perception of movement and spatial location
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Color Constancy
The relatively appearance of the colors of objects viewed under varying lighting conditions
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Cerebral Achromatopsia
Inability to discriminate among different hues; caused by damage to area V8 of the visual association cortex.
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Visual Agnosia
Deficits in visual perception in the absence of blindness; caused by brain damage
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Lateral Occipital Complex (LOC)
A region of the extrastriate cortex, involved in perception of objects other than people's bodies and faces.
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Prosopagnosia
Failure to recognize particular people by the sight of their faces.
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Fusiform Face Area (FFA)
A region of the visual association cortex located in the inferior temporal lobe; involved in perception of faces and other complex objects that require expertise to recognize.
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Extrastraite Body Area (EBA)
A region of the visual association cortex located in the lateral occipitotemporal cortex; involved in perception of the human body and body parts other than faces.
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Parahippocampal Place Area (PPA)
A region of limbic cortex on the medial temproal lobe; involved in perception of particular places ("scenes")
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Optic Flow
The complex motion of pointsin the visual field caused by relative movement between the observer and environment; provides info about the relative distance of objects from the observer and of the relative direction of movement.
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Akine Topsia
Inability to perceive movement, caused by damage to area V5 (also called MST) of the visual association cortex
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Pitch
A perceptual dimension of sound, corresponds to the fundamental fundamental frequency- place rate
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Loudness
A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to intensity-rate how fast a particular nerve system fires
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Location
direction- phase/ intensity difference
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Timbre
A perceptual dimension of sound; corresponds to complexity, overtones
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Ossicle
One of the three bones of the middle ear
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Cochlea
The snail-shaped structure of the inner ear that contains the auditory transduring mechanisms
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Organ of Corti
The sensory organ on the basilar membrane that contains the auditory hair cells
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Hair Cell
The receptive cell of the auditory apparatus
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Basilar Membrane
A membrane in the cochlea of the inner ear; contains the organ of corti
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Cochlear Nerve
The branch of the auditory nerve that transmits auditory info from the cochlea to
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Olivocochlear Bundle
A bundle of efferent axons that travel from the olivary complex of the auditory hair cells on the cochlea
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Cochlear Nucleus
One of a group of nucli in the medulla that receive auditory info from the cochlea
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Tonotopic Representation
A topographically organized mapping of different frequencies of sound that are represented in a particular region of the brain
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Cochlear implant
An electronic device surgically implanted in the inner ear that can enable firing of neurons in the auditory system
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Rate Coding
The system by which info about different frequencies is coded by the rate of firing of neurons in the auditory system
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Cerebrovascular Accident
A "stroke"; brain damage caused by occlusion or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain
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Aphasia
Difficalty in producing or comprehending speech not produced by deafness or a simple motor deficit; caused by brain damage
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Broca's Aphasia
A form of aphasia characterized by a grammatism, anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation
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Broca's Area
A region of frontal cortex,located just rostral to the base of the left primary motor cortex, that is necessary fornormal speech production
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Agrummatism
One of the usual symptoms of Broca's aphasia; a difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as verb endings and word order
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Wernicke's Area
A region of auditory association cortex on the left temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words and the production of meaningful speech
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Pure Word Deafness
The ability to hear, to speak, and to read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernicke's area or distribution of auditory input to this region
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Pure Word Blindness
normal speech production and comprehension, however, reading ability is lost and writing is difficult. It is cause by damage to the angular gyrus
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Vestibular Sac
one of set of two receptor organs in each inner ear that detect changes in the tilt of the head
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Pain Afferents
A-delta fibers, C-fibers
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Pain Nociceptors
4 types: Thermal, mechanical, chemo, polymodal
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What function does pain serve?
warning system for body damage/harm
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A-delta fibers(Pain)
larger, myelinated, fast, sharp, highly localized pain
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C-fibers (pain)
smaller and unmyelinated, slow, dull, diffuse pain
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