1st big exam

are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye.

is the first name and is always capitalized;

(species name) follows and is not capitalized

• are relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Because their genetic
• material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane

• from Greek words meaning prenu- cleus.
• Prokaryotes include both bacteria and archaea

• using extensions of their cytoplasm called
• pseudopods (false feet)

• are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and
• asexual reproductive forms

• are eukaryotes. The two major groups of parasitic worms are the flatworms and the
• round- worms, collectively called helminths

• the theory that all living things are composed
• of cells. Subsequent investigations into the structure and function of cells were based on this theory.

• the second half of the nineteenth century,
• many scientists and philosophers believed that some forms of life could arise
• spon- taneously from nonliving matter; pyogenus example are streptococcus which
• is the cause of strepthroat.

the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells.

• make wine and beer. Souring and spoil- age are caused by different microorganisms
• called bacteria. In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol into
• vinegar

• is now commonly used to reduce spoilage and
• kill potentially harmful bacteria in milk as well as in some alcoholic drinks.

• The germ theory was a difficult concept for
• many people to accept at that time because for centuries disease was believed
• to be punishment for an individual’s crimes or misdeeds. When the inhabitants
• of an entire village became ill, people often blamed the disease on demons
• appearing as foul odors from sewage or on poisonous vapors from swamps.

• a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a
• specific disease

• vaccination (or by recovery from the disease  is
• called immunity

chemotherapy.

antibiotics.

• prepared from chemicals in the laboratory are
• called synthetic drugs.

• the study of fungi, includes medical,
• agricultural, and ecological branches

• is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Because many parasitic worms are
• large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, they have been known for
• thousands of years

the study of all of an organism’s genes

the study of immunity

virology

studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits.

• The normal microbiota not only do us no harm, but also in some cases can actually
• benefit us. For example, some normal microbiota protect us against disease by
• preventing the overgrowth of harmful microbes, and others produce useful
• substances such as vitamin K and some B vitamins.

the ability to ward off diseases

• have cropped up in recent years. These are diseases that are new or changing and are
• increasing

• also known as swine flu, is a type of influenza caused by a new virus called
• influenza H1N1. H1N1 was first detected in the United States in april 2009.

or bird flu,

• emerged and became endemic in many hospitals,
• leading to increasing use of vancomycin.

is inflammation of the brain caused by West Nile virus

• that the source of disease was cattle feed prepared from sheep infected with their
• own version of the disease.

is a human disease also caused by a prion.

• were reported on the front pages of major newspapers. The bacteria are more
• correctly named invasive group A

10: 1

oxygen

Flaviviridae

animalcules

Neisseria gonorrheae

high salt

rodents & secreted in their urine & feces

HPS (Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) or HFRS (Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome)

Sin Nombre virus

Stachybotrys chartarum (black mold

3.5 billion years

880,000

Broth-filled flasks with swan necks open to the air. When neck was in place, particles (and microbes) fell to the neck bottom. No growth occurred. When neck was broken, particles fell directly into broth. Growth occurred.

viruses

infectious virus particles

virions

they are not technically living

cells, but are highly organized

an electron microscope

either DNA or RNA

reproduction, energy

mothers that gave birth at home got less infections than the mothers who gave birth at the hospital

they do not allow any protein modification (cutting), will stop the onset of AIDS

life springing from mixture of things

Dr. Bruce Ivins

Antoni von Leeuwenhoek

Robert Koch

Paul Ehrlich

Alexander Flemming

Louis Pasteur

Robert Hooke

Who created the smallpox vaccine?

Edward Jenner

feces from farm animals or mice

2. first the genus then the species

Bacillus anthrasis spores

to make anti-cancer drugs

the naming of something?

isolate the microbe from diseased/dead animal. Grow in pure culture. Use pure culture to infect healthy animal. Re-isolate microbe from the reinfected animal

high temperature

cluster shaped

spiral shaped

lowercase

the texture of bacteria

Salmonella newport

food poisoning

fake foot

flagella & cilia

eukaryotic

unicellular

before nucleus & no membrane bound organelles

bacteria

euglena

MRSA infection

the study of small life

unicellular

bacteria, yeast, protozoa

Clostridium perfringens

Cell, homeostasis, Growth and development, Assimilation of energy, Have genetic material, Reproduction

Jenner found that milkmaids didn't seem to get smallpox. They instead got cowpox. Experimentally infected a "volunteer" with cowpox and then tried to infect the patient with smallpox. Cowpox was protective against smallpox

Observed cells of dried cork wood using a crude "microscope" & found little compartments

Orthomyxoviridae

retroviridae

bunyaviridae

Bacteria, Archaea ,Fungi, Protozoa ,Multicellular Animal Parasite, Algae, Viruses

colonies on agar plate or cloudiness in broth

yeast

mushrooms & molds

Giardia lamblia

gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens

agar plates or broth media

to most antibiotics

hospital acquired pseudomembranous colitis

used in botox and paralyzes the face

pseudopods

liquid media without agar

Clostridium botulinum

italized (type) or underlined (handwritten)

Cantherellus cibarius (mushrooms we eat)

Anthrax

biological warfare

Doctors would routinely go from autopsy to maternity wards without washing hands. New "aseptic" technique using crude/harsh chemicals reduced hospital borne infections

Cell, homeostasis, Growth and development, Assimilation of energy, Have genetic material, Reproduction

the subunit of proteins, containing at least one carboxyl (--COOH) group and one amino (--NH2) group attached to the same carbon atom (the alpha atom) and existing in configurations called stereoisomers designated D or L

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (or protons H+) and one or more negative ions and acts as a proton donor

containing more H+ ions than OH- ions, with a pH lower than 7

a molecule consisting of an adenosine unit of adenine and ribose joined to two phosphate groups

the principal energy-carrying molecule in all cells, consisting of an adenosine unit of adenine and ribose joined to three phosphate groups