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Microbes, also called microorganisms
are minute living things that individually are usually too small to be seen with the unaided eye.
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genus (plural: genera)
is the first name and is always capitalized;
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specific epithet
(species name) follows and is not capitalized
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Bacteria
(singular: bacterium)
- are relatively simple, single-celled (unicellular) organisms. Because their genetic
- material is not enclosed in a special nuclear membrane
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prokaryotes
- from Greek words meaning prenu- cleus.
- Prokaryotes include both bacteria and archaea
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Amebae move by
- using extensions of their cytoplasm called
- pseudopods (false feet)
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Algae (singular: alga)
- are photosynthetic eukaryotes with a wide variety of shapes and both sexual and
- asexual reproductive forms
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Animal parasites
- are eukaryotes. The two major groups of parasitic worms are the flatworms and the
- round- worms, collectively called helminths
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cell theory
- the theory that all living things are composed
- of cells. Subsequent investigations into the structure and function of cells were based on this theory.
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spontaneous generation
- the second half of the nineteenth century,
- many scientists and philosophers believed that some forms of life could arise
- spon- taneously from nonliving matter; pyogenus example are streptococcus which
- is the cause of strepthroat.
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biogenesis
the claim that living cells can arise only from preexisting living cells.
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fermentation is used to
- make wine and beer. Souring and spoil- age are caused by different microorganisms
- called bacteria. In the presence of air, bacteria change the alcohol into
- vinegar
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pasteurization
- is now commonly used to reduce spoilage and
- kill potentially harmful bacteria in milk as well as in some alcoholic drinks.
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germ theory of disease
- The germ theory was a difficult concept for
- many people to accept at that time because for centuries disease was believed
- to be punishment for an individual’s crimes or misdeeds. When the inhabitants
- of an entire village became ill, people often blamed the disease on demons
- appearing as foul odors from sewage or on poisonous vapors from swamps.
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Koch’s postulates
- a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a
- specific disease
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The protection from disease provided by
- vaccination (or by recovery from the disease is
- called immunity
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Treatment of disease by using chemical substances is called
chemotherapy.
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Chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and
fungi to act against other microorganisms are called
antibiotics.
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Chemotherapeutic agents
- prepared from chemicals in the laboratory are
- called synthetic drugs.
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Mycology
- the study of fungi, includes medical,
- agricultural, and ecological branches
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Parasitology
- is the study of protozoa and parasitic worms. Because many parasitic worms are
- large enough to be seen with the unaided eye, they have been known for
- thousands of years
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genomics
the study of all of an organism’s genes
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Immunology
the study of immunity
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The study of viruses
virology
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microbial genetic
studies the mechanisms by which microorganisms inherit traits.
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r normal microbiota
- The normal microbiota not only do us no harm, but also in some cases can actually
- benefit us. For example, some normal microbiota protect us against disease by
- preventing the overgrowth of harmful microbes, and others produce useful
- substances such as vitamin K and some B vitamins.
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resistance
the ability to ward off diseases
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emerging infectious diseases EID
- have cropped up in recent years. These are diseases that are new or changing and are
- increasing
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H1N1 influenza (flu)
- also known as swine flu, is a type of influenza caused by a new virus called
- influenza H1N1. H1N1 was first detected in the United States in april 2009.
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Avian influenza A (H5N1)
or bird flu,
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methicillin-resistant S. aureus, called MRSA
- emerged and became endemic in many hospitals,
- leading to increasing use of vancomycin.
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West Nile encephalitis (WNE)
is inflammation of the brain caused by West Nile virus
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bovine spongiform encephalopathy, also called BSE or mad cow disease
- that the source of disease was cattle feed prepared from sheep infected with their
- own version of the disease.
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Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
is a human disease also caused by a prion.
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flesh-eating bacteria
- were reported on the front pages of major newspapers. The bacteria are more
- correctly named invasive group A
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Bacteria outnumber human cells
10: 1
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Family of yellow fever is called
Flaviviridae
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First microbes were called?
animalcules
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Gonorrhea is caused by
Neisseria gonorrheae
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halophile means
high salt
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Hanatavirus is carried by
rodents & secreted in their urine & feces
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Hanatvirus can cause
HPS (Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome) or HFRS (Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome)
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Hantavirus is aka
Sin Nombre virus
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Harmful fungi
Stachybotrys chartarum (black mold
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How long has bacteria been around?
3.5 billion years
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How many people were had a MRSA infection in 2007?
880,000
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How was abiogenesis dispelled?
Broth-filled flasks with swan necks open to the air. When neck was in place, particles (and microbes) fell to the neck bottom. No growth occurred. When neck was broken, particles fell directly into broth. Growth occurred.
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Transmission electron microscopes allow is to see
viruses
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Virions are
infectious virus particles
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Viruses "mature" into
virions
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Viruses are different because
they are not technically living
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Viruses are not made of
cells, but are highly organized
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Viruses can only be seen with
an electron microscope
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Viruses have
either DNA or RNA
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Viruses rely on hosts for
reproduction, energy
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What did Dr. Oliver Wendell Homes notice?
mothers that gave birth at home got less infections than the mothers who gave birth at the hospital
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What do protease inhibitors do?
they do not allow any protein modification (cutting), will stop the onset of AIDS
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What is Abiogenesis
life springing from mixture of things
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Who was the main suspect in the anthrax scandal?
Dr. Bruce Ivins
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Who invented the first microscope & observed the first microbes?
Antoni von Leeuwenhoek
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Who introduced Koch's postulates?
Robert Koch
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Who found a treatment to syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
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Who found a mold that inhibited bacteria growth
Alexander Flemming
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Who dispelled abiogenesis?
Louis Pasteur
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Who discovered the cell?
Robert Hooke
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Who created the smallpox vaccine?
Who created the smallpox vaccine?
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Who created the smallpox vaccine?
Edward Jenner
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Where does E. coli / Salmonella spp. come from?
feces from farm animals or mice
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When referring to a microbe how many names do you use?
2. first the genus then the species
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What were in 17 peoples letters in 2001?
Bacillus anthrasis spores
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What is Streptomyces parvulus being used for?
to make anti-cancer drugs
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What is nomenclature?
the naming of something?
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What is Koch's postulates?
isolate the microbe from diseased/dead animal. Grow in pure culture. Use pure culture to infect healthy animal. Re-isolate microbe from the reinfected animal
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thermophile means
high temperature
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Staphylo means
cluster shaped
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Spirillium means
spiral shaped
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Scanning electron microscopes allow us to see
the texture of bacteria
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Salmenolosis is caused
Salmonella newport
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Salmenolosis is
food poisoning
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Pseudopods means
fake foot
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Protozoa have
flagella & cilia
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Protozoa are classified as
eukaryotic
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Prokaryotic means..
before nucleus & no membrane bound organelles
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Peptidoglycan is specific to...
bacteria
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MRSA can cause...
MRSA infection
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Microbiology
the study of small life
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Microbes are mostly...
unicellular
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Light microscopes allow us to see
bacteria, yeast, protozoa
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Gas gangrene is caused by
Clostridium perfringens
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Life is defined by
Cell, homeostasis, Growth and development, Assimilation of energy, Have genetic material, Reproduction
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How was the smallpox vaccine created?
Jenner found that milkmaids didn't seem to get smallpox. They instead got cowpox. Experimentally infected a "volunteer" with cowpox and then tried to infect the patient with smallpox. Cowpox was protective against smallpox
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How was the cell discovered?
Observed cells of dried cork wood using a crude "microscope" & found little compartments
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Family of influenza is called
Orthomyxoviridae
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Family of HIV called
retroviridae
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Family of Hantavirus is called
bunyaviridae
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Examples of microbes...
Bacteria, Archaea ,Fungi, Protozoa ,Multicellular Animal Parasite, Algae, Viruses
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Examples of macroscopic growth
colonies on agar plate or cloudiness in broth
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Example of unicellular fungi
yeast
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example of multicellular fungi
mushrooms & molds
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Disease causing protozoa
Giardia lamblia
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Diabetics are prone to
gas gangrene caused by Clostridium perfringens
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Cultures can be grown in
agar plates or broth media
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Clostridium difficile is resistant
to most antibiotics
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Clostridium difficile can cause
hospital acquired pseudomembranous colitis
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Clostridium botulinum is used in what and does what?
used in botox and paralyzes the face
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Broth media is
liquid media without agar
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Botulism is caused by
Clostridium botulinum
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Both names get?
italized (type) or underlined (handwritten)
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.Beneficial fungi
Cantherellus cibarius (mushrooms we eat)
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Bacillus anthrasis causes
Anthrax
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Bacillus anthrasis is used in..
biological warfare
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Why did women get more infections at the hospital during childbirth & how was it prevented?
Doctors would routinely go from autopsy to maternity wards without washing hands. New "aseptic" technique using crude/harsh chemicals reduced hospital borne infections
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Life is defined by
Cell, homeostasis, Growth and development, Assimilation of energy, Have genetic material, Reproduction
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(alpha-)amino acid
the subunit of proteins, containing at least one carboxyl (--COOH) group and one amino (--NH2) group attached to the same carbon atom (the alpha atom) and existing in configurations called stereoisomers designated D or L
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acid
a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (or protons H+) and one or more negative ions and acts as a proton donor
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acidic
containing more H+ ions than OH- ions, with a pH lower than 7
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adenosine disphosphate (ADP)
a molecule consisting of an adenosine unit of adenine and ribose joined to two phosphate groups
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adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
the principal energy-carrying molecule in all cells, consisting of an adenosine unit of adenine and ribose joined to three phosphate groups
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