Lecture Exam

the superficial anatomical markings

specific are

major organ systems

structural changes over time

similarities  and relationships in the anatomical organization of different animals

anatomical features that undergo characteristics changes during illness

landmarks important for surgical procedures

anatomical structures use of scans on an intact body

the use of radiographic tech to look at cross sections of the body

adaptability

• - increase in size of number of cells
• - individual cells become specialized to perform specific functions

the production of new generation of the same organism

the ability to change the position of something internally or externally

build complex molecules

breakdown of molecules

bringing chemicals into the body

absorption, transport and use of oxygen

nutrients are absorbed

removal of wastes

protects, temperature, vitamin D

form blood, site for bone marrow, storage of energy in fat cells

locomotion for support and produces heat

response to stimuli functional units neurons and glia cells

directs longterm changes in activities

transport nutrients wastes and gases

defends against infection and diseases

delivers air to sites

absorbs nutrients

excretes excess water, salts, and waste products

liver, gallbladder, right kidney

cecum, appendix, small intestine, reproductive organs

stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portion of large intestine

most of small intestine, reproductive organs

right lobe of liver, liver fundus

left lobe of liver

stomach fundus, spleen

ascending colon

Small intestine and transverse colon

cecum, appendix

urinary bladder, appendix, major portion of the small intestine

ssigmoid colon

lungs

space between the apex of the lungs

stomach, intestines, spleen, liver

urinary bladder

space between serous membrane

the membrane nearest to the wall

the membrane farthest from the wall and nearest to the organ

• light microscopy
• light pass through

• transmission electron microscopy
• can see through organism

• Scanning Electron Microscopy
• can see on the surface

cell eating

cell drinking

use specific molecules for binding

proper coordination, easy passage,

lipid portion of the two plasmalemmae are bound together to sell off the intracellular space between cells

attach one cell to another mechanical linkage at their lateral or basal surface

form a sheet by binding together cell prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes

• duplication of organelles and protein synthesis
• normal cell functions, cell growth, check point receive growth signal

• DNA replication
• synthesis of histones

• protein synthesis
• prepares for M
• checks for mistakes in DNA repication

state of non division

separates

most important for majority of cell

enzyme that builds new strands of DNA. It does this by adding DNA nucleotides one at a time

The leading strand is built continuously, and the lagging strand is built in pieces

• cells bound close together
• no intercellular space

• apical surface
• basal surface

basal layer is attached to the basal lamina

receives nutrients from underlying tissues

one or more layers of cells

continually replaced by stem cells

for absorption and secretion

long microvilli found in the inner ear

moves substances over the apical sufaces

watery fluids

visious mucus

both serous and mucous (exocrine and endocrine)

ductless into the blood or lymph such as hormones

through ducts to the surface of epithelium communicates with exterior

single cell glands that protect and lubricate unicellular exocrine gland

intestinal glands

mammary glands

mucous glands in the mouth

pancreas, salivary glands, respiratory passages

secretory vesicles are discharged at the surface of the gland cell released through exocytosis

secretions released through loss of cytoplasm which is a fast excretion

bursting of cells packed with secretory product this destroys the cell. continued secretion involves the replacement of these cells through the mitotic division of underlying stem cells

• location: deep in the dermis, between muscles
• function: connects skin to muscles

• Location: hypodermis, buttocks, surrounds organs
• Function: insulation and cushion

volume consists of extracellular is ground substance that cushions shock

consists of extracellular protein fibers

• Location: liver, spleen, kidney, lymph nodes, appendix, bone marrow
• Function: supporting framework

• fibers are parallel and aligneal along lines of stress
• Location: elastic tissue, tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments

muscle to bone

covers muscle to muscle or covers entire muscle

bone to bone

stabilizes the vertebrae

• fibers form a interwoven meshwork
• Location: nerve and muscle sheaths
• Function: Provides strength

Location: circulatory system - erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

• Location: lymphocytes T & B cells
• Function: involved with the immune system

free macrophages

T and B cells

• phagocytes
• inflammation

bones at the joints

auricle in the ear

• pads within the knee joints
• pubic symphysis

• lines digestive tracts
• has connections with exterior of the body

• line cavities
• reduces friction

• makes up the skin
• thick and waterproof

• lines the joint cavities
• reduces friction within the joints

• between the skin and underlying organs
• areolar tissue & adipose tissue
• subcutaneous layer of hypodermis

• forms a strong fibrous internal framework
• dense connective tissue
• bounds to capsules, tendons, ligaments

• between serous membranes and deep fascia
• areolar tissue that line cavities

• has striations
• voluntary muscle

• ends of cells are pointy
• single nucleus
• nonstriated and involuntary muscle

• has intercalated discs
• striated and involuntary muscle

transmit impulses

supporting framework that protect the neurons and provide nutrients

forms connective tissues of limbs bones joints and ligaments

• hair nails skin
• brain spinal cord

epithelial lining and glands of digestive tract

outside layer that forms the placenta

the fetus

fertilized egg

solid ball of cells

form from endoderm differentiates to form the connective tissue

• dermis
• papillary layer
• reticular layer
• subcutaneous layer

• deepest innermost layer
• attachment to the basal lamina
• contains stem cells
• actively mitotic cells

keratinocytes bound together by macula adherens

cell release glycolipids to make layer water resistant prevents nutrients from passing to the cell

• Thick skin only
• palms and soles of feet

• most superficial layer
• made of shear protection against abrasion and penetration
• keratinized/cornified

inhibitory cytokines enzymes stimulates inflammation and activate Langerhans

• pigment cells
• produce melanin
• keratinocytes in vesicles'

• sensory cells
• detect sensitivity

• macrophages, phagocytic cell of the immune system
• initates immune response for carer cells and pathogens

• dermal papillae extended into the dermis
• creates ridges

• blood supply
• melaton - tryosine
• carotene - yellowish pigament

nourishes and supports overlying epidermis

• Store lipids
• restricts pathogen spread
• attaches skin
• sensory receptor
• meshwork of collagen & elastic fibers

• nonliving structures
• hard keratin

complex organs extend deep from the dermis

• root - in skin
• shaft - above skin
• bulb

central core

surrounds medulla

outermost layer

covers most of the body each fuzz

covers arms and legs

covers head, axillary and pubic area

• protection
• insulation
• guards entrance to nose and ears
• send impulses to nerves
• contracts arrector pili

oil secrete sebum

• apocrine gland - odorous secretion
• ceminous, mammory, eccrine

• eccrine
• produces sweat
• sensible perspiration

• use meocrine secretion through exocytosis
• axillary, anal, and genital areas
• viscous secretion

• special type of apocrine gland
• larger more complex apocrine gland

produces cerumen, ear wax

• nail body - covers bed
• nail folds - extending from the nail root
• eponchum - cuticle fold of the stratum corneum