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What is a value?
A belief about the worth of something, about what matters, that acts as a standard to guide one's behavior
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What is a value system?
organization of values in which each is ranked in a continuum of importance, often leading to a personal code of conduct.
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What are the 5 common modes of value transmission?
- Modeling
- Moralizing
- Laissez-faire
- Rewarding and Punishing
- Responsible choice
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What is the modeling mode of value transmission?
learning by observing others
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What is the moralizing mode of value transmission?
Being taught a comlpete value system with little opportunity to weigh different values
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What is the Laissez-faire mode of value transmission?
presenting no one set of values taught as best
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What is the rewarding and punishment mode of value transmission?
rewarded for demonstrating desirable values, punished for demonstrating undesirable values
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What is the responsible choice mode of value transmission?
encouraging the exploration of compteting values and to weigh their consequences while providing guidance
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What are the 5 values essential to nursing?
- Altruism
- Autonomy
- Human dignity
- Integrity
- Social Justice
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What is nursing altruism?
concern for the welfare and well- being of others
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What is nursing Autonomy?
right to self-determination. respecting patients decisions.
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What is human dignity as it applies to nursing?
respect for the inherent worth and uniqueness of individuals and communities
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What is nursing integrity?
acting in accordance to an appropriate code of ethics and accepted standards
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What is social justice as it applies to nursing?
upholding moral, legal and humanistic principles.
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What is value clarification?
a process by which people come to understand their own values and value systems
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What are the 3 main activities of value clarification?
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What happens during the Choosing phase of value clarification?
1. Freely choosing 2. from alternatives 3. after consideration of the consequences
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What happens during the Prizing phase of value clarification?
stating goal 1. with pride and happiness and 2. with public affirmation.
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What happens during the Acting phase of value clarification?
patient 1. incorporates the choice into their behavior 2. with consistancy and regularity
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what is ethics?
systematic inquiry into principles of right and wrong, virtue and vice, and good and evil as they relate to human conduct and flourishing.
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What are morals?
personal or communal standards of right or wrong
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What are clinical ethics?
Ethical problems "at the bedside"
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What are nursing ethics?
ethical issues that arise in the practice of nursing and of the analysis used by nurses to make ethical judgements
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What is the utilitarian theory of ethics?
rightness or wrongness depends on the consequences of the action
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What is the deontologic theory of ethics?
action is right or wrong independent of the consequences.
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What are the 5 principles to the principle-based approach to bioethics?
- Autonomy
- Nonmaleficence
- Beneficence
- Justice
- Fidelity
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What is Nonmaleficence?
Seek not to inflict harm. prevent harm or risk of harm whenever possible.
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What is beneficence?
- actively promoting a patients benefit individually.
- balance benfits against risk and harm
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What is fidelity?
Keeping promises
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What is an ethical dillemma?
When attempted adherence to basic ethical principles results in conflicting courses of action
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What is the care-based approach to bioethics?
directs attention to specific situations of individual patients veiwed within the context of their life narrative
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What is ethical agency?
Doing the right thing because it is the right thing to do. behavior that must be cultivated.
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What are the 7 essential elements of ethical agency?
- Ethical Sensibility
- Ethical Responsiveness
- Ethical Reasoning and Discernment
- Ethical Accountability
- Ethical Character
- Ethical Valuing
- Transformative Ethical Leadership
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What is ethical sensibility?
ability to recognize when ethical challanges are present.
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What is ethical responsiveness?
Ability and willingness to respond to the ethical challange.
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What is ethical reasoning and discernment?
knowledge of and ability to use sound theoretical and practical approaches to "thinking through" ethical challanges
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What is ethical accountability?
ability and willingness to accept responsibility for one's ethical behavior and to learn from the experience
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What is ethical character?
cultivated dispositions that allow one to act as one believes one ought to act
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What is ethical valuing?
valuing ethical behavior
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What is transformative ethical leadership?
commitment and ability to create an environment of ethical agency
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What is ethical distress?
When the RN knows the right thing to do but either personal or institutional factorsmake it difficult to follow the right course of action
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What are the steps in using nursing practice to make ethical decisions?
- Assess the situation (gather data)
- Diagnose(identify) the problem
- Plan
- Implement your decision
- Evaluate your decision
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What is advocacy?
the protection and support of another's rights
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