-
major threaths to ruminants
- Gastrointestinal nematodes
- Survive on heavily populated permanent pastures
- Parasites have ability to “hibernate”
- The worms infect the GI lining
- Mature into egg-laying adults within 2-4 weeks!!!
-
H = Haemonchus
O = Ostertagis
T = Trichostrongylus
- = Haemonchus
- = Ostertagis
- = Trichostrongylus
-
HOT complex
- Progressive weight loss due to decreased absorptive capacity of GI tract
- Anemia and weakness due to blood loss
- Submandibular edema = “bottle jaw” due to loss of plasma proteins
- Poor haircoat
- Watery Diarrhea
-
Brow stomach worm
Ostertagia ostertagi
-
brown stomach worms host
Ruminants (cattle, goats, sheep)
-
brown stomach worms habitat
abdomasum-destroy lining = decreased absorption
-
distribution of the brown stomach worm
primarily in northern countries
-
clinical signs of the brown stomach worm
diarrhea, submaxillary edema, weight loss
-
Barberpole worm
Haemonchus contortus
-
host and habitat of the barberpole worm
- cattle, goats, sheep
- larvae and adults feed on blood in the stomach
-
barberpole worm distribution
worldwide
-
signs of barberpole worm
anemia and bottle jaw
-
Bankrupt worm
Trichostrongylus spp
-
host and habitat of bankrupt worm
- cattle, goats, sheep
- abomasum and occasionally small intestine
-
distribution of bankrupt worm
worldwide
-
signs of bankrupt worm
diarrhea, dehydration, emaciation
-
Diagnosis of ruminant nematodes
EPG = eggs per gram
-
EPG
quantitative test to determine the presence of the parasites, how many may be infecting the herd
-
treatment and control of parasites
rotate pastures, keep more susceptible, young animals on cleanest pastures, and do not overstock pastures, deworm intire herd at once
-
kinds of dewormers
pour-ons, paste, continuous feeding(pellets, liquids added to feed, water)
-
some anthelminitics used to control HOT complex
Ivermectin, Doramectin, Eprinomectrin, Fenbendazole, Albendazole, Levamisole, Morantel tartrate, Moxidectin
-
Nodular worm
Oesophagastomum spp
-
host and habitat of nadular worm
- cattle, goats, sheep, swine
- larvae in nodules in stomach and small/large intestines. Adult worms in large intestines
-
distribution and symptoms of nodular worms
- worldwide in wet, temperate climates
- anemia, profuse fowl smelling watery diarrhea, may be fatal
-
Roundworm
Toxocara vitulorum
-
host and habitat of roundworm
- serious parasites of young cattle, especially in warm areas
- small intestines
-
distribution and symptoms of roundworm
- worldwide
- coughing and diarrhea. weakness, wt. loss, pneumonia
-
-
habitat and distribution of whipworm
- cecum and large intestines
- widespread
-
symptoms and treatment for whipworm
- whipworms are widespread, but effects of infection have not been determined
- Fenbendazole
-
Lungworm
Dictyocaulus spp.
-
host and habitat of lungworm
- cattle
- airways, trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles
-
signs of lungworm
increased respiratory rate, coughing, anorexia
-
swine roundworm
Ascaris suum
-
swine roundworm habitat and symptoms
- small intestines, then penetrate the liver within 24 hours
- damage to the liver, pneumonia, swine influenza
-
threadworm
Stongyloides sp.
-
host and habitat of threadworm
- swine-S. ransomi
- cow-S. papillosus
- small intestine
-
distribution and symptoms of threadworm
- worldwide, especially in warm humid areas
- penetrate the host skin and migrate to the lungs where they damage tisue. Adults inhabit the intestine, causing severe inflammation and bloody diarrhea
-
Swine lung worm
Metastrongylus
-
habitat, distribution, andsymptoms of swine lung worm
- bronchi and bronchioles
- worldwide
- unthrifty, stunted, spasmodic coughing, secondary bacterial infections
-
Red stomach worm
Hyostrongylus rubidus
-
host and habitat of red stomach worm
-
distribution and symptoms of red stomach worm
- worldwide
- interfere with gastric function, resulting in diarrhea and dehydration, weakness, anemia
-
Trichina worm
Trichinella spiralis
-
host and habitat of trichina worm
- mainly swine
- small intestine
-
distribution and symptoms of trichina worm
- worldwide, indigenous infection not present in Australia
- while not particularly damaging to swine in most cases, infected carcasses may be condemned.
-
transmission of trichina worm to humans
eating undercooked or raw meat of pig or wild game (bears)
-
keep pig from getting trichina worm
don't feed pigs garabage, keep pigs away from rodents, raccoons, skunks, opossums, dead pigs, hygiene in swine
-
Kidney worm
Stephanurus dentatus
-
host and habitat of kidney worm
- swine
- adult leave cyst in the kidney or nearby fat; larvae migrate through the liver
-
distribuion and symptoms of kidney worm
- primarily in warm regions
- general signs include depressed growth rate, loss of appetite, and emaciation
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