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dmandrus
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Which of the 4 major tissues does blood fall under?
Connective
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What turns erythrocytes red?
Hemoglobin
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Plasma is composed of?
Serum and fibrinogen
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How do we find serum out of the plasma
Allow the plasma to clot and then collect the leftover protein free liquid
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Leukocytes serve what function?
Defense cells
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Platelets are called what in animals otyher than mammals?
Thrombocytes and are full cells
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What is the function of platelets?
Clotting
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What do granulocytes have that agranulocytes don't?
Specific granules
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So name the colour of the granules for neutrophils, basophils, and eosinophils
- Neutro = no colour they don't take up stain
- Eosino = pink
- Baso = blue
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What can your PCV or hematocrit tell you?
A lot based on how much plasma there is, no plasma dehydrate, excess plasma probably bleeding
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Roughly how much of the PCV does the plasma and buffy coat represent in a healthy animal
- Plasma = 50%
- Buffy coat = 1%
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What white blood cell makes up the most of the buffy coat? The rarest?
- Neutrohpils approximately 60-70%
- Basophils
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How does llama erythrocytes differ from tohers?
Elliptical rather than circular
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How does chicken erythrocytes differ?
Nucleated
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Are erythrocytes long term cells?
No essentially disposable in a few months
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Are there any organells in a red blood cell?
No
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Why do red blood cells often have a concave shape?
Increases SA for oxygen carrying
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What is different about pig RBC
Crenated or wrinkly
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Too much variation in an animals red blood cells could represent
Problems
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What is poikocytosis?
When a cell gets kind of pokey due to changes in osmolarity, it is ok in small %
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What is meant when horses have rouleaux formation in there RBC?
There RBC form chains and clump together , this is normal
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Is it normal to find immature RBC?
In most animals 1-2% not a big deal, in horses and cattle more of a concern
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What is a common RBC abnormality
Sickle cell anemia
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Describe a Heinz abnormality
Small projection off of the red blood cell like a zit
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Out of our species who has the longest living RBC, shortest?
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neutrophils use their granules for what?
KIlling
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Do neutrohpils have a long liespan?
one of the shortest, could be only 12 hours
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Are neutrophils only granulocytic?
No also phagocytic
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Describe the evolution of the neutrophil nucleus
Starts round like everyone else get kidney shaped, band cell, hten segmented and looks more compact and tightend
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Do neutrophils have lots of mitochondria? Why?
No they use mostly anerobic glycolysis cause bacteria often hang out in anerobic places and need to be able to get there
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Puss is essentially
Dead neutrophils and dead bacteria
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What cell is essentially the 1st line of defense
neutrophils
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Roughly how much O2 can a RBC bind?
a billion
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What function do eosinophils serve?
Parasitic infections
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Are eosinphils phagocytic
- not particularly
- Parasites are too big to engluf
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While shape and granule size in eosinophils differs among species what are some common characteristics
- Pink granules
- Multi lobed nuclei
- Larger than RBC
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What do we often see as a few distinguishing factor for basophils?
- Blue often
- Super dense amount of granules, often cant see the nucleus so dense
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What do basophils play a role in?
- Allergies
- They are quite rare
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In certain species where neutrophils do take up stain, I.E. rabbits, guinea pigs, birds etc we refer to them as what?
Heterophils
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In a neutrophil you often see a segmented nucleus but what distinguishes it from basophils an eosinophils
No granules
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How do you distinguish lymphocytes?
Very little cytoplasm
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How do you distinguish a monocyte?
Largest cell out there
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How can you find platelets?
Tiny little things almost little like debris scattered around
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Do monocytes have much for granules
Nope
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What shape is a monocyte nucleus in circulation?
Horse shoe
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WHat does a monocyte become when it migrates to tissues?
Macrophage
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How do macrophages work to defend?
- Slower than neutrophil
- More phagocytic
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lymphocytes do what?
antibody producing
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Can you distinguish between T and B cell lymphocytes? What about size?
- No
- No both will have large and small cells
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What would a lymphoblast be?
An immature lymphocyte
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Platelets are produced where by what? How are they produced?
- Bone marrow
- Megakaryocytes
- They break off of the mega cell
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On the platelet there are all different kinds of what on the surface?
Channels and organelles
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Where do stem cells begin to work during fetal development?
Most of your blood cells for the 1st trimester are made in the yolk sac
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Where are most of your blood cells made for the 2nd and 3rd trimester of embryonic development?
- 2nd - liver and spleen
- 3rd - bone marrow
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looking at a cross section of a bone where during life do you find bone marrow?
In the little air holes or pockets
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When we look at bone marrow the little cells are? And the big cells are?
- Hemopoeitic cells
- adipose tissue
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Distinguish between yellow bone marrow and red bone marrow
Yellow is being used as an adipose storage and red is being used to form blood cells
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Where on the long bone would we expect to find most of the red bone marrow?
On the extremities
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Once bone marrow has become yellow is it stuck like that forever?
Nope it can transition back quite easily
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Do we see any vasculature or anything in the bone marrow?
Yes otherwise how would the RBC get out? We call them sinuses
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The large cells we see in bone marrow that are not adipose cells are what? They form what?
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What is an advential cell?
the gate keeper, allows mature cells to exit the marrow into the sinuses
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Differentiate between a pluripotent stem cell, multipotent and unipotent stem cell
- Pluri = potential to make all kinds of blood cells
- Multi = potential to make a few kinds of blood cells
- Uni = potential to make a single type of blood cell
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Describe how stem cells divide?
When a stem cell divides 1 daughter is kept a stem cell to keep the population up however one becomes a differentiated cell
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In embryonic development how many types of stem cells are there?
Only 1!
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What does the terminology meta.....cyte mean?
Going to be a cyte soon
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Describe orthochromatic and polychromatic
- Ortho is organe
- Poly is inbetween orange and blue
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erythrocytes are made in the bone marrow in what kind of formation
Islands, they are made in islands of like cells
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Roughly how long I s erythropeiesis
7 days roughly
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What are the 6 general trends and events we see in the maturation of an erythrocyte
- Decreasing RNA
- Loss of organelles
- Increasing hemoglobin
- Decreasing size & euchromatin of nucleus
- Loss of nucleoli
- Finally loss of nucleus
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Why does an erythrocyte need RNA and ribosomes in the developemental stages?
Cause it needs to make all the proteins such as hemoglobin for its life
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Where does the prorubricyte fit in in terms of erythrocytic lineage?
Prior to the rubriblast, so literally the earliest form
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What is the difference between an erythrocyte and a reticulocyte
Reticulocyte needs to go to the spleen to mature before becoming an erythrocyte
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Does the cell tend to get bigger or smaller as it matures? (erythrocyte)
Smaller as well as the nucleus gets smaller
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What eventually happens in the development of the erythrocyte to the nucleus?
It gets ejected out
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Can the developing red blood cell still divide once condesning?
No once it hits a certain point it no longer works
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What hormone is made by the kidney to stimulate early erythrocyte production
Erythropoeitin
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What does a higher number of reticulocytes in circulation indicate?
More strain on the body, that means the body is pushing them out faster and so ends up with them a tad more immature
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Where in the body is the largest population of granulocytes?
Bone marrow
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Do granulocytes stay in the blood for very long?
Nope quickly out
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Do monocytes retain their nucleus during development? are they relatively young or old when they enter the circulation? What do they turn into eventually?
- Yeap
- relatively young
- Macrophages
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What makes monocytes so hard to find in the bone marrow?
They are short lived in the marrow (1-2 days) and they are rare in the first place
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Do monocytes actively continue differentiating in the blood?
Yes
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How much bigger is a megakaryocyte than a normal cell?
10-20x bigger
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Is a megakaryocyte a single nucleid cell?
No its a polyploidy cell it simply grows an divides genetic material but not its actual cell
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What do megakaryocytes divide into
platelets bud off from them
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2 ways that marrow can be obtained?
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What kind fo myeloid:erythroid ratio do we want roughly?
1:1
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What is a good way to evaluate bone marrow?
Myeloid to erythroid ratio
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Explain what is different about erythropoiesis in birds?
Occurs in the venous sinuses of the bone starts immature stuck on the wall, moves inward towards the middle and then is released upon maturity
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Do we see megakaryocytes in birds?
No cause they have single celled platelets not chips off the giat cell
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During the formation of erythrocytes in birds do we see the same amount of condensation fo the chromatin? Do we see any at all? do we see a excreted nucleus like in other cells?
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Where does granulopoiesis in birds occur?
Outside the venous sinsuses in the standard marrow
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What is a neutrophil in a bird called?
heterophil
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if your erythroid to myloid ratio is not close to 1:1 what could this mean? Describe this ratio as an analytical tool
- Could mean infection cause raised immune cells
- Essentially the myloid line is all derived from the myloid stem cell the erythroid is a line in the myloid line. Most of the blood should be erythrocytes therefore making the ration near 1:1 if otherwise there could be issues
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What are the 2 main lines from the pluripotent stem cell? What is under the lymphoid line?
- Myloid line and lymphoid line
- lymphoblasts which includes B and T lymphoblasts
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What are the 3 cell types un the myloid line?
- Erythrocytes
- Thrombocytes (including megakarycoytes)
- Leukocytes
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What 4 cells can come from the progenitor cell of the leukocytes
- Eosinophil
- Basophil
- Neutrophil
- Monocyte
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What cell is the earliest cell for the granulocytes of the leukocytes
- (eosino, baso and neutro)
- All originate from the myoloblast
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The monocyte of the leukocyte line originates from what cell after the progenitor cell?
Monoblast
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Is a myloid stem cell considered a pluripotent or a multipotent stem cell?
Multi potent
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Is a progenitor cell considered a multipotent cell or a unipotent cell?
Depends wher eit is but I would say a uni potent in most cases
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Go through the entire erythrocyte lineage by name (7)
- Prorubricyte
- rubriblast
- Polychromatophilic rubricyte
- metarubricyte
- reticulocyte
- erythrocyte
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At what stage during the erythrocytic lineage does the cell lose its nucleus
metarubricyte
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What does a polychromatic rubricyte look like?
Red or orange cytoplasm and purplish blueish nucleus
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What is the general trend in names of the Eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils starting from progenitor cells
- basophil example just put others where you see baso)
- Progenitor
- Promyetocyte
- Baso myetocyte
- Baso metamyetocyte
- Basophil
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Describe the cell lineage of a monocyte in words
- Monoblast
- Promonocyte
- Monocyte
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Describe how you can tell once a neutrophil has hit metamyelocyte stage? Neutrophil stage? myelocyte?
- Kidney shaped
- Contacted band shaped nucleus
- Specific granules
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Describe thrombopoiesis in terms of words (5 steps) (in mammals)
- Progenitor
- Megakaryoblast
- Promegakaryocyte
- Megakaryocyte
- Platelets
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How does the megakaryocyte gain access to the blood vessels?
Long tentacles intot he blood vessel
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