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Culture is
all humans learn to do, use, produce, know, and believe
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culture shock
the difficulty people have adjusting to a different culture
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ethnocentrism
when people make judgments about different cultures in comparison to their own
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cultural relativism
cultural groups must be studied on their own before they can be compared
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Two components of culture
- Material: products of technology
- Nonmaterial: products of the mind
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Norms
rules of behavior that are agreed upon and shared within a culture
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Morés
strongly held norms that hold great consequence if broken
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Folkways
Norms that have a wide range of interpretation given the situation
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ideal norms
expectations of people under perfect circumstances
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Real norms
norms with qualifications and allowances per individual
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values
culture's general orientation towards life
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
language determines a person's perception of reality
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What are the two mechanisms for change?
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innovation
any new practice or tool widely accepted
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diffusion
movement of cultural traits from one culture to another
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reformulation
a trait is modified in some way that it fits in its new context
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cultural lag
new patterns emerge, even if they are in conflict with traditional values
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subculture
the distinctive lifestyles, values, norms, and beliefs of certain segments of the population within a society
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what are the five types of subcultures?
- ethnic
- occupational
- religious
- social class
- deviant
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cultural universals
models or patterns for social behaviors that have developed in all cultures to resolve common problems
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what are some cultural universals?
- division of labor
- marriage
- family
- rites of passage
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