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Are fungi more closely related to plants of animals?
Animals
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The cell walls of fungi contains ____, which is the same material found in the exoskeletons of arthropods.
Chitin
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Chitin is a substance found in both fungi and ____.
Arthropods
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What organisms are some of the largest in the world?
Some fungal organisms
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The body of a fungus is a mass of connected hyphae called the ____.
mycelium
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Fungi are: photosynthetic/heterotrophic
heterotropic
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Fungi are saprobic, this means...?
They excrete enzymes for external digestion and then absorb the digested products
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True or false: Fungal cells may have more than one nucleus
True
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Define: monokaryotic
Hypha with one nucleus
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dikaryotic
hypha with two nucli
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Name the two types of dikaryotic hypha
- heterokaryotic
- homokaryotic
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heterokaryotic:
nuclei from two genetically distinct individuals
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homokaryotic
nuclei from genetically similar individuals
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Define coenocytic
Hypha made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass with hundreds or thousands of nuclei
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Which of the following types of hypha contains the most nucli: monokaryotic, coenocytic, dikaryotic
coenocytic
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In fungus, what is the relevant unit of reproduction?
The nucleus, NOT the cell
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In fungi, mitosis is not followed by ___?
cytokinesis
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True or False: Fungi can reproduce asexually and sexually
True
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Explain fungal sexual reproduction
involves fusion of hyphae from two compatible mating type or hyphae from same fungus
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How is sexual compatibility determined in fungi?
by pheromones released by hyphae
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Define plasmogamy
union of the cytoplasms of two parent mycelia
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karyogamy
- fusion of haploid nuclei from the parent mycelia
- produce diploid nucleus
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Spores can form _________ and are most often dispersed by ____.
- asexually of sexually
- by the wind
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Yeasts can reproduce asexually by what process?
Budding
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Chytridiomycota and relatives have what characteristic?
Flagellates zoospores
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Chytrids are ____, flagellated fungi
aquatic
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The flagellated zoospore is a distinctive characteristic of this group
Chytridiomycota & relatives
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What type of fungi had been implicated in the die-off of amphibians?
Chytrids
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True or false: Chytrids can also be plant pathogens and parasites of other fungi, protists, and animals
TRUE
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What are Zygomycota?
Fungi that produce zygotes
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Name a specific zygomycota
Rhizopus: bread mold found growing on moist bread or fruit
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This zygomycete feeds on simple sugars
Rhizopus
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Zygomycota is named for the characteristic ____ ____ they produce
zygote nuclei
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Explain sexual reproduction of zygomycota
- Plasmogamy produces a sturdy structure called a zygosporeangium
- karyogamy entails fusion of haploid nuclei resulting in diploid zygote nuclei
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Explain asexual reproduction for zygomycota
- The more common process
- Sporangia release thin-walled haploid spores.
- These spores may be dispersed by the wind
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Zygosporangium are produced by _____, in Zygomycota.
sexual reproduction--plasmogamy
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What is the more common way for zygomycota to reproduce?
Asexually
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What are glomeromycota?
Asexual plant symbionts
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True or false: Glomeromycetes can survive without a host plant
False. They cannot
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What mineral is provided by fungi through its mutualistic relationship to plants? And what do plants provide in return?
- Fungi provide phosphorus
- Plants provide carbohydrates
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This type of fungi grows withing the root cells of most trees and herbaceous plants
Glomeromycete hyphae
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The glomeromycete hyphae that grows withing the root cells of most trees is called:
arbuscular mycorrhizae
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Ascomycota are known as:
The Sac (Ascus) Fugi
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Ascomycetes make up about __% of known fungi.
75%
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Give some examples of Ascomycetes fungi
bread yeasts, common molds, cup fungi, and truffles are examples of this fungi
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Plant pathogens that cause chestnut blight and dutch elm disease are classified as what type of fungi?
Ascomycetes
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Genus Penicillium is found in phylum:
Ascyomycota
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For Ascomycetes, sexual reproduction occurs within the _____.
Ascus
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Is the ascus of ascomycetes is ____.
Monokaryotic
Dikaryotic
Coenocytic
Dikaryotic
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Asexual reproduction in ascomycetes occurs within _____.
conidiophores (to bear conidia)
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True or false: Some ascomycetes have yeast morphology
True; yeasts normally reproduce by cell fission or budding
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The Sac Fungi:
Ascomycota
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The Club Fungi
Basidiomycota
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Asexual Plant Symbionts
Glomeromycota
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What is the visible reproductive structure of basidiomycota?
Basidiocarp
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Basidiomycetes sexually reproduce within what structure?
Basidia
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Mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, shelf fungi, are all examples of this type of fungi.
Basidiomycota
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A tremendous amount of spores are produced on the ____, located on the undersurface of mushroom caps.
Gills
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Fungi are capable of breaking down ____ and ___.
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Carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus are released by fungi when they break down which two elements?
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What are the two types of fungi symbioses?
- Obligate symbiosis
- Facultative symbiosis
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Obligate symbiosis means?
Symbiosis is essential to survival
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Facultative symbiosis means?
fungus can survive with or without a host
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What is the difference between a pathogen and a parasite?
Pathogens cause disease, but parasites do not except in extreme cases.
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Where do endophytes live?
INSIDE plants, and may protect plants from parasites
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Give an example of symbiosis between two different kingdoms
Lichens
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Lichens are composed of a _____ along with a _____
- ascomycete
- cyanobacteria, green algae, or both
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Fungi can't normally grown without their photosynthetic partners, and fungi protect their partners from ____ and ___.
Strong light and desiccation
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True or False: Lichens cannot live in very harsh habitats.
False. They can.
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____ are usually the first organism to colonize and area
Lichen
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What are the characteristics of lichens?
- Usually the first to colonize an area
- break down rocks and hep prepare for the invasion of other organisms
- produce very bright pigments (some used for dyes)
- used to indicate air quality in an area (they absorb substances dissolved in rain and dew)
- Few lichens are found in or near cities
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As pollution decreases, _____ population increases.
Lichen.
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This fungi is associated with roots of plants. (Name means "fungus foot")
Mycorrhizae
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Describe the characteristics of Mycorrhizae
- fungal hyphae increase amount of contact with soil and increase surface area for absorption
- haustoria= specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients from or exchange nutrients with their plant hosts
- mycorrhizae: aid in direct transfer of phosphorus, zinc, copper, and other minerals from soil into plant roots.
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Define haustoria and which type of fungi has these...
specialized hyphae used to extract nutrients from or exchange nutrients with their plant hosts
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What are the two types of mycorrhizae?
- arbuscular mycorrhiza = grow withing the outer cells of the plant root
- entomycorrhizae = surround root cells but do not penetrate them
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Where is neocallimastigomycete often found?
Found in the guts of ruminant animals (animals that chew their cud).
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Give an example of fungi that forms mutual symbioses with animals
Leaf-cutter ants have domesticated a specific fungus that they maintain in an underground garden. Ants provide leaves for the fungi to eat. Ant eat the fungi.
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Name four fungal parasites and pathogens
- Fusarium
- Aflatoxins
- Corn Smut
- Ergot
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Why are fungal infections difficult to treat in humans and other animals?
Because there are many similarities between the two kingdoms
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Fungal infestation: Fusarium
- grows on spoiled food
- produces vomitoxin that can cause brain damage in humans and animals
- found in SW United States
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Fungal inferstation: Aflatoxins
- Very carcinogenic
- Produced by Aspergillus flavus strains growing on corn, peanuts, cotton seed
- Can damage kidneys and nervous system of animals and humans
- considered a possible bioterrorism agent
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Fungal infestation: Corn Smut
damages corn but NOT harmful to animals that consume it
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Fungal infestation: Ergot
- associated with rye and other grains
- an alkaloid toxin is produced and if eaten, can cause hallucinations, gangrene, nervous spasms and nervous sensations
- Implicated in Salem witch trials
- Lysergic acid isolated from ergot is the raw material used in LSD.
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Which fungal infestation is found in the SW United States and produces vomitoxin?
A. aflatoxins
B. corn smut
C. fusarium
D. ergot
C. fusarium (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Which fungal infestation is considered a possible bioterrorism agent?
A. corn smut
B. ergot
C. aflatoxins
D. fusarium
C. aflatoxins (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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What fungal infestation produced by Aspergillus flavus and is also highly carcinogenic?
A. aflatoxins
B. fusarium
C. ergot
D. corn smut
A. aflatoxins (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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What fungal infestation damages corn but is not harmful to animals that digest it?
A. fusarium
B. ergot
C. aflatoxins
D. corn smut
D. corn smut (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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What fungal infestation was implicated in the salem witch trials?
a. fusarium
d. aflatoxins
c. corn smut
d. ergot
d. ergot
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What fungal infestation is lysergic acid isolated from to make LSD?
A. corn smut
B. aflatoxins
C. ergot
D. fusarium
C. ergot (this multiple choice question has been scrambled)
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Give at least 5 examples of fungal diseases
- ringworm
- athlete's foot
- nail fungus
- thrush
- oral or vaginal infections caused by Candida
- pneumocystis jiroveci invaded lungs
- mold allergies
- stachybotris causes "sick" buildings
- chytridiomycosis affects amphibians
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Name the fungal disease that causes "sick" buildings...
Stachybotris
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What fungal disease affects amphibians?
chytridiomycosis
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