Freud, Erickson, Etc.

The ID, the EGO, and the SUPEREGO. ID is your instinct which is selfish, the SUPEREGO is the conscience and drive to be socially accepted and to do what you “should.” The EGO is the conscious self that tries to satisfy both the ID and SUPEREGO.

Psychosexual development - pleasure shifts from one body zone to another, and at each stage behavior is driven by gratification or frustration

• 1. Unconscious thoughts, feelings, motivations
• 2. Role of childhood experiences
• 3. Mental representations of self and others impact intimate relations.

Psychosocial development- Freud believed that personality and behavior are a result of this tension between the unconscious instinct and social norms as well as a person’s early childhood experiences related to his theories of psychosexual development.

At each stage of development a personality is linked to the tension between inner impulses and external societal influences.

Early stages of development and childhood experiences critically important in the creation of a personality.

Psychosocial development - Erickson -  with 8 stages in life, everyone experiences a tension or crisis in personality at each chapter.

Basic Points: Psychoanalytic perspective views development as shaped by unconscious forces that motivate human behavior

Opposed to Freud, ego development is lifelong, not stuck in childhood experience

Greater influence of societal influences rather than the internal impulses as Freud did.

Psychosocial development - Erikson -  with 8 stages in life, everyone experiences a tension or crisis in personality at each chapter.

E.G., in puberty everyone has an identify versus an identity confusion. As a baby everyone has a basic trust versus mistrust.

Mechanistic - people are like machines responding to environmental input. Looks at external factors that influence people. This is continuous, like going up a ramp.

Organismic - people initiate events, so humans can’t be explained by breaking us down into responses to environmental stimuli. Development is in stages, like steps.

Behaviorist, and said he could mold any infant the way he wanted.

Created operant conditioning - person learns voluntary behavior from environment (e.g. kid smiling more because parents reward it)

Reinforcement versus punishment influence and develop behavior

Cognitive theory, not psychoanalytic or behaviorism

Before Piaget, most believed children were mini-adults, just less competent. Piaget showed that children think differently.

Schemas - a person’s understanding of the world in chunks

Assimilation, accommodation, equilibrium. As a child takes in new information, they create new equilibriums.

All the while, they are moving along from a child through 4 stages of development which explain how a child’s brain goes from infant to mature, reasoning, adult.

Contextualist - development understood in its social context. People are inseparable from their environment

Person is not merely an outcome of this theory, but also shaper. But it emphasizes the larger context and to realize that people growing up in white middle class America may develop differently from someone in a different part of the world.

Bioecological theory - describes the many systems that a child interacts with and which influences development.

Microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem

Micro - Home life, school, neighborhood

Meso - Two microsystems interacting. E.G. home and school

Exo - Two micros interacting that don’t involve child. Parents workplace

Macro - Larger culture. E.G. nuclear family

Chrono - Larger world - e.g. war, peace, economic forces