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What is the definition of nursing?
Comes from the latin word nutrix-to nourish
nursing is both an art and a science
- ANA-social policy statement
- -a contract b/t a client and a nurse
client is the central focus of all definitions
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What are some important contributions of Florence Nightingale?
- Founder of modern nursing
- est first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration
- firs practicing nurse epidemiologist
- first nurse researcher
- organized first school of nursing
- nursing is distinct from medicine
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What are two influences on today's health care delivery system?
- 1. rising cost of healthcare
- -nurse's responsibility to privde high quality healthcare in an efficient and economically sound manner
- --> by prioritizing, educating patients, organizing time
- 2. evidence based practice
- -consumers are more informed and expect more
- -nurse provide safe, effective care using evidence based practice
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What are the primary characteristics of a profession?
- extended education and basic liberal foundation
- theoretical body of knowledge
- provides a specific service
- members have autonomy
- profession has a code of ethics for practice
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How is nursing a profession and discipline?
- practice in many different settings
- develop a specific body of knowledge
- conduct and publish nursing research
- recognize role in promoting health
- use nursing knowledge as base for nursing practice
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What are the professional roles of a nurse?
- caregiver
- advocate
- educator
- communicator
- manager
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What are the advanced practice areas of nursing?
- clinical nurse specialist
- nurse practitioner
- nurse anesthetist
- nurse midwife
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What are the expanded educational and career roles of nurses?
- nurse administrator
- nurse researcher
- nurse entrepreneur
- nurse educator
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What are Benner's stages of nursing proficiency?
- 1. Novice
- 2. Advanced beginner
- 3. competent (3yrs of experience needed!)
- 4. proficient
- 5. expert
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What is the purpose of nurse practice acts?
- define legal scope of nursing practice
- exclude untrained or unlicensed people from practicing nursing
- create a state board of nursing
- make and enforce rules and regulationsdefine important terms and activities in nursing
- provide legal requirements and titles for RNs and LPNs
- Establish criteria for education and licensure of nurses
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What are the responsibilities of a professional nurse?
- obtaining and maintaining specific knowledge and skills
- to provide care and comfort
- emphasize health promotion and illness prevention
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What is the importance of nursing theories?
- a perspective to view client situations
- a way to organize data
- a method to analyze and interpret information
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What is the goal of nursing knowledge?
to explain the practice of nursing as different and distinct from the practice of medicine, psychology, and other health care disciplines
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What are the 6 steps of evidence based practice?
- 1. ask the clinical question
- 2. collect the best evidence
- 3. critique the evidence
- 4. integrate the evidence
- 5. evaluate the practice decision or change
- 6. share the outcomes of EBP changes with others
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What is the goal of Roy's Adaptation theory?
- Goal of nursing is to help a person adapt to change
- -need for nursing care arises when a person cannot adapt to environmental demands
- -views the client as an adaptive system
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According to Roy's theory, what demands does a person need to adapt to?
- meeting basic physiological needs
- developing a positive self concept
- performing social roles
- achieving a balance between dependence and independence
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What was the focus of Hildegard Peplau's theory?
- Nurse-client relationship
- nursing is therapeutic
- fundamental to psychiatric nursing
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What are the 6 ethical principles and their definitions?
Autonomy: refers to a person's independence, right to determine course of action, keeps the client in charge of their health decisions
Beneficence: "do good" for the client over self
Nonmaleficence: "do no harm"-no abuse, only competent actions
Fidelity: agreement to keep promises, faithfulness
Justice: fairness
Veracity: truthfulness
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What are the basic principles of the ANAs code of ethics?
accountability, responsibility, advocacy, confidentiality, and veracity
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How should you process an ethical dilemma?
- 1. Is this an ethical dilemma?
- 2. Gather all data
- 3. explore your own values or beliefs
- 4. verbalize your problem
- 5. list potential solutions, courses of action
- 6. negotiate the outcome
- 7. evaluate the action
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What are resources for solving ethical dilemmas?
- 1. Ethics committee
- 2. Multidisciplinary committees
- 3. The processing of ethical dilemmas
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What are some challenges facing health care today?
- reducing health care cost while maintaining quality
- improving access and coverage for more people
- encouraging healthy behaviors
- earlier hospital discharges result in more clients needing extended care
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What are the levels of healthcare?
- Preventivive
- Primary
- Secondary
- Tertiary
- Restorative
- Continueing
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What is the role of health care professionals in health promotion?
- assess health status
- identifies health problems
- develops, coordinates and implements a specialized plan of care for each patient
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What is the role of Professional Standards Review Organizations (PSRO)?
created to review the quality, quantity and cost of hospital care provided through medicare and medicaid
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What is the role of Utilization review committees?
review admissions, diagnostic testing, and treatments provided by physicians who cared for client receiving medicare
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What are two federally funded health programs
medicare and medicaid
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What is Medicare?
national health insurance program for adults over 65
- Part A: provides insurance toward hospitalization, home care, and hospice care
- Part B: voluntary, provides partial coverage of outpatient and physician services
- Part D: voluntary prescription drug plan
Most pay monthly premium for parts B and D
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What is medicaid?
federal public assistance program paid out of general taxes to people who require financial assitance
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What is CHIP?
- federal program that provides insurance for children
- coverage includes visits to primary health care providers, prescription medicines and hospitilization
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What is the Preferred Provider Organization?
- consists of a group of providers and perhaps a health care agency
- provides an insurance company or employer with a health service at a discounted rate
- provides clients with a choice of health care providers and services
- tends to be slightly more expensive than HMO plan
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What is the health maintenance organization?
- provides health maintenance and treatment services to voluntary enrollees
- fee is set without regard to the amount ot kind of service
- emphasizes client wellness
- clients limited in ability to select health care providers and services
- available services at reduced and predetermined cost to the client
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What is the Nurses role in healthcare reform?
- stay informed about current issues and legislation
- write members of congress to support legislation to improve nursing care
- belong to nursing organizations
- document the outcomes of nursing care
- be a leader in nursing and consumer groups
- advocate for the right of all for healthcare
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What is the reason for accreditation (Ex: hospital)?
- To demonstrate quality and safety
- to evaluate performance, identify problems, and develop solutions
- must be accredited to receive federal funding
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What are the goals of healthy people 2020?
- increase life expectancy and quality of life
- to eliminate health disparities through improved deliver of health care services
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What are some vulnerable populations?
- immigrants
- poor and homeless
- abused
- substance abusers
- mentally ill
- older adults
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What are the essential components of home healthcare?
- client and family
- heath care professionals from various disciplines
- client goals are to reach maximum independence and health status
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What are the key qualities of home healthcare nurses?
- knowledgeable and skilled in their practice
- able to make decisions independently
- able to remain accountable
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What are the key components of hospice care?
Hospice: comprehensive and coordinated care for people with limited life expectancy
Palliative care: prevents and relieves suffering by early assessment and treatment of pain and other physical, psycho-social, and spiritual needs
Bereavement care: continuation of care for the family following the death of a client
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What makes up the framework of a health care delivery system?
- managed health care
- case management
- primary healthcare
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What are Managed Care Systems?
- controls cost of care while maintaining wuality of care
- manager of "gatekeeper" plans and monitors the care
- limits choice of care providers
- required approval for specialty care
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What is the role of a case manager?
- coordinator of care
- controls cost
- improves access to healthcare
- continuity
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