Bio 130 chpt 1

What are the four functions all living things perform?

indicated that the organism recognizes changes in its internal or external environment; required for adaptability

changes the organism's behavior, capabilities, or structure; required for survival in a constantly changing world

indicates that the organism is successful; organisms that do not respond, or do not adapt will not__ and cannot__

changes orientation or position for immovable animals, moves around the environment; animals show locomotion at some point in their lives

oxygen is required, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide

movement of fluid within the organism; may involve a pump and a network of special vessels

the chemical breakdown of complex materials for absorption and use by the organism

the elimination of chemical waste products generated by the organism

examination of relatively large structures and features that can be seen by naked eye

structures that cannot be seen without magnification

What are the levels of organization in the human body?

whole human body(highest level); must work together to maintain life and health

multiple organs interacting (11) heart, blood, blood vessels

two or more tissues working together to perform several functions; cardiac muscle combines with connective tissue and another tissue to make up the heart wall

group of cells working together to perform 1 or more specific fuctions; heart muscle cells and cardiac muscle cells combine to get cardiac muscle tissue

smallest living unit, depends on organelles function composed of interacting molecules; protein filaments to make contractions in muscle cells in heart

smallest stable unit of matter form molecules; unique three dimensional shape and atomic component

What are the three principles of the Cell Theory?

study of tissues

what are the four primary tissue?

forms a barrier with specific properties

covers every exposed body surface

lines digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts

surrounds inner cavities and passageways; chest cavity, fluid filled chambers in the brain, eye and inner ear

line inner surfaces of blood vessels and heart

produces glandular secreations

diverse in appearance but all contain cells surround by extracellular matrix

comprised of protein fibers, ground substance (liquid)

amount of matrix varies in particular tissue type

fills internal spaces

provides structural support

stores energy

have the ability to contract forcefully

skeletal movement

soft tissue support

maintenance of blood flow

movement of materials internally

stabilization of body temperature

what kind of muscle usually attaches to the skeleton

what kind of muscle moves or stabilizes position of skeleton or internal organs

what muscle is found only in the heart

what kind of muscle propels blood through blood vessels

what kind of muscle is found in the blood vessel walls, within glands, along respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and reproductive tracts

what muscle is striated

what muscle is voluntary

what muscle has no striations, spindle shaped

what muscle is involuntary

what muscle is uninucleate

what muscle is multinucleate

what muscle has intercalated discs

specialized to carry information within the body

what type of neural tissue are nerve cells

what type of neural tissue are supporting cells that isolate and protect nerves while forming a supporting framework

which nervous system is associated with brain and spinal cord

which nervous system is associated with connecting CNS with other tissues and organs

protection, from environmental hazards; temperature control

support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation

locomotion, support, heat production

directing immediate responses to stimuli, usually by coordinating the activities of other organ systems

directing long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

internal transport of cells and dissolved materials, including nutrients, wastes, and gases

defense against infection and disease

delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the air and circulating blood

processing of food and absorption of organic, nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water

elimination of excess water, salts, and waste products; control of pH

production of sex cells and hormones

presence of stable internal environment

physiological adjustment to preserve homeostasis in variable environments

sensitive to environmental change

processes information from the receptor and sends out commands

responds to commands opposing stimulus

receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor

effector opposes the original stimulus

minimizes change

primary mechanism of homeostatic regulation

set point may vary with changing enviornments or activity levels

initial stimulus produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions

typically occurs when a potentially dangerous or stressful process must be completed quickly e.g clotting mechanism

standing up, hands at sides, palms facing forward, feet together

laying down face up in anatomical position

laying down face down in anatomical position

imaginary perpendicular lines that intersect at navel

used by clinicians to determine possible cause of patient pains, aches, or injuries

nine regions

preferred by anatomistis

describes the precise location and orientation of internal organs

RL hypochondriac region, RL lumbar region, RL inguinal region, epigastric region, umbilical region, hypogastric region

RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ

separates superior and inferior portions of the body

separates right and left portions

the plane passes through the midline, dividing the body into right and left halves

separates the body into right and left portions of unequal size

separates anterior and posterior portions of the body; passing through the skull

largest body cavity

the ventral body cavity containing organs from which systems

What are the two essential functions of the body cavity?

internal organ partially or totally enclosed by body cavities; connected to the rest of the body

around the heart is a delicate membrane, serous membrane, secretes watery fluid that keeps surfaces moist and reduces fritction

permits heart to change size and shape when beating

everything deep to the chest wall

contain lungs, shiny slippery membrane

contains connective tissue and pericardial cavity containing the heart

everything deep to abdominal and pelvic walls

contains many digestive glands and organs

contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and last portion of digestive tract, many of these structures lie posterior or inferior to the peritoneal cavity