A mineral is made up of an element or elements bonded together
Define:
Element
An element is a substance that CANNOT be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical methods
Define:
Atom
An atom is the smallest unit of a substance that retains properties of that element.
What are the 3 types of subatomic particles that make up an atom?
1. Protons(+charge)
2. Neutrons(0 net charge)
3. Electrons (-charge)
What forms the nucleus of an atom?
Protons and Neutrons
______ orbit the nucleus in discrete shells or energy levels
electrons
The numbers of electrons and protons are ____ in a neutral atom
equal or not equal?
equal
the outermost shell of a atom is it's _____ electron
valence
chemical reactions involve only the outermost shell, _____ electrons
valence
What are isotopes?
atoms of an element with different numbers of neutrons
Isotopes may be either stable or unstable.
true/false
true
stable/unstable isotopes retain all of their protons and neutrons over time
stable
unstable or radioactive isotopes spontaneously ____ subatomic particles from their nuclei
lose
stable isotopes can be used to track _______ over time
climate change
What is an Ionic Bond?
when the "transfer"of valence electrons from one atom to another occurs
What is a Covalent Bond?
when the "sharing" of valence electrons among adjacent atoms occurs
What is a Metallic Bond?
when electrons flow freely throughout metals which results in high electrical conductivity
What is chemical bonding controlled by?
the outermost shell (valence electrons)
What is an example of ionic bonding in a household item in the kitchen?
salt
What can break an ionic bond?
water (think of salt)
Atoms or groups with unequal numbers of protons and electrons, which have a non-zero charge, are called ____
ions
Positive and negative ions are attracted to one another and may stick or bond together
true/false?
true
in a chemical bond, elements will usually be _____ unless their valence shell is full
reactive
there are __ electrons when a valence shell is full
8
A mineral is a _______ solid
formed by natural ________ processes
with a specific _______ composition
consistent and recognizable ______ properties and _______ properties
A mineral is a crystalline solid
formed by natural geological processes
with a specific chemical composition
consistent and recognizable physical properties and chemical properties
What are the 8 most common elements that are apart of 97% of the atoms in Earths crust?
O, Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Na, K, Mg
what is the most common minerals in the Earths Crust?