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The liquid portion of circulating blood is?
Plasma
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What comprises the formed element of the blood?
Cells and platelets
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Upon clotting some proteins are removed from plasma and ohers are released from platelets, this forms a new liquid termed
Serum
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5 proteins found in the plasma that are important? where are 4/5 of these made?
- Albumin
- Alpha and beta globulins
- Proteins of the complement system
- fibrinogen
- immunoglobulins
Liver
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What is the hematocrit portion of blood?
red blood cells (erythrocytes) (45%)
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What is the normal lifespan of a red blood cell?
120 days
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Describe a red blood cell
Enucleated, biconcave, filled with hemoglobin
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leukocytes are broadly grouped into what 2 groups?
Agranulocytes and granulocytes
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leukocytes become active when?
They migrate outside circulation
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leukocytes leave the vasculature in a process involving what 4 things?
- cytokines
- selective adhesion
- changes in endothelium
- and transendothelial migration or diapedesis
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All granulocytes have what 2 kinds of specialized lysosymes?
Azurophilic and specific granules
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What are the most abundant type of leukocyte
Neutrophils
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How do neutrophils kill? describe their appearance
- Phagocytosis
- polymorphic multilobed nuclei, faint pink cytoplasmic granules
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What do eosinophils do? Describe them.
- They help defend against parasites
- Bilobed nuclei
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What is the rarest type of circulating leukocyte? What other cell do they resemble?
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what do basophils carry and what are they important in?
- histamine, heparin, chemokines, and hydrolases
- allergies and chronic inflammations
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Describe lymphocytes? Why are they famous?
- Large circular nuclei with little or no cytoplasm
- Because they are B and T cells, you cant tell them apart and their is great variation in their size
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What is the largest leukocyte out there? What shape is the nuclei?they are precursors to what? (2)
- monocyte
- u shaped
- macrophages, and/or the other cells in the mononuclear phagocyte system
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What are platelet? Where do they originate? what is their purpose? What do they come in contact with that helps them degranulate? What makes them up?
- Small cell fragments
- Megakaryocytes in bone marrow
- blood clotting
- collagen
- actin filaments, alpha granules, delta granules and an open canalicular system
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What is band 3 protein and glycophorin A
anion transporters found on the red blood cell
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Name 2 proteins found on the inside of the red blood cell and their function
- Spectrin - dorm a lattice bound to actin filaments
- Ankyrin - achors the lattice to glycophorins and band 3 proteins
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What is a cell adhesion protein that is released when micro vasculature is injured or infected
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Describe diapedesis and chemotaxis
- diapedesis - leukocytes send extensions through the openings between endothelial cells, migrate out of the blood and into the surrounding tissue
- Chemotaxis - attraction of a cell along a chemical graident
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What are three proteases and antimicrobial proteins found in azurophilic primnary granules? In which kind of cell do we find azurophillic granules?
- Myeloperoxidase - toxic to bacteria
- Lysozyme - degrades bacterial cell walls
- Defensins - disrupts bacterial cell membranes through binding
- Neutrophils
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Differentiate between specific secondary granules and azurophilic primary granules in neutrophils
Secondary are smaller and less dense and have very diverse functions
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Who often releases chemokines and cytokines?
Neutrophils
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What makes up about 50% of the eosinophils granules?
major basic protein (MBP) which causes acidophilia
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What is a leukotriene
Pro-inflammatory factor
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When a platelet is stained it often has 2 areas describe them
- Hyalomere - very lightly stained peripheral zone
- Granulomere - dark staining central zone
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What can be found in the granulomere of a platelet?
- Mitochondria
- Glycogen particles
- Delta granules - ADP, ATP, and serotonin
- Alpha granules - Platelet derived growth factor and other platelet specific proteins
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Go through the 5 steps of controlling blood loss and wound healing in platelets
- primary aggregation - disrupts microvasculature makes platelet plug
- Secondary aggregation - platelets in plug release adhesive glycoprotein to attach more platelets and plug grows in size
- Blood coagulation - fibrinogen and other clotting factors arrive and give rise to a fibrin polymer which creates a thrombus (blood clot)
- Platelet factor 4 attracts monocytes and neutrophils as a chemokine
- Clot retraction - The clot that initially bulges now contracts slightly
- Clot removal - once endothelium is healed and replaced the proteolytic enzyme plasmin dissolved away at the clot till it is removed
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What is the name of the cell that undergoes hemopoiesis? Where does it occur?
- Pluripotent stem cell
- Bone marrow
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While stem cells divide slowly only fast enough to keep their colony numbers, the next level of cell the ______ cell divides _______ and creates ____ main linneages, essentially this cell is the ___ ____ __
- progenitor
- quickly
- 2
- colony forming unit
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Progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate in the microenvironment of the ___________, _____ _______, and _____ with specific growth factors
- stromal cell
- other cells
- ECM
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What is the stroma? What is it made of?
The stroma is a delicate mesh like web supporting the bone marrow. It is made up of stroma cells
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What is another name for progenitor cells? What is the name for the growth factors affecting them
- Colony forming units (CFUS)
- Colony stimulating factors CSFs
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Differentiate red vs yellow bone marrow
- Red is active in hemapoiesis
- Yellow is adipose storing
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Erythropoeitic islands or cords within the bone marrow contain the lineage which goes from what to what? (describe in histological colours) (3) What does this change represent?
- Basophili, polychromatophilic, and orthochromatophilic
- The change from RNA rich to hemoglobin filled and denucleated
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When the nucleus is extruded from the developing erythrocyte what is it now reffered to as?
reticulocyte
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In which stage of granulopoiesis do we see azurophillic granules begin to be produced? What about specific granules?
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During granulopoiesis where do we see the change in nuclear morphology occur?
metamyelocytes
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During infection we will see what happen to immature neutrophils (band cells)?
They will be released prematurely when the compartment of babysitting neutrophils is deleted
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What do we call the cytoplasmic processes of megakaryocytes where platelets are released from?
Proplatelets
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Is the endothelium of the sinusoids continuous or discontinuous?
Discontinous that's how all these cells enter the blood
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What is thrombopoietin?
Hormone that drives thrombopoiesis
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