urinary system

deliver fresh blood that hasnt been exposed to renal sys to glomerulus

• Efferent Arterioles
• Peritubular Capillaries

A protein free solution that is the product of solution

In the renal corpuscle BP forces fluid & dissolved solutes out of glomerular capillaries & into surrounding capsular space

• glomerulus
• Bowman's capsule

• outer wall of the renal corpuscle & encapsulates glomerular capillaries
• place where filtrate is collected & sent out thru proximal convoluted tubule

Bowman's capsule much like the heart projects into the pericardial cavity

• Capillary network where filtration takes place
• Afferent arteriole goes thru Bowman's capsule & becomes efferent arteriole

• First segment of renal tubule
• Absorbs organic nutrients, plasma nutrients & ions fr tubular fluid & releases them into interstitial fluid around renal tubule

• Descending Loop - travels toward renal pelvis
• Ascending Loop - returns to cortex

• Actively transports Na & chloride ions out of tubular fluid
• Limb NOT permeable to water
• Causes high solute concentration in medulla

• Descends into medulla where H2O moves out by osmosis
• Limb is permeable to H2O

• Active secretion of ions, acids, drugs & toxins
• Selective reabsorption of Na ions fr tubular fluid

• Epithelial cells that are closest to the glomerulus
• Usually tall w/ nuclei clustered together

• Macula Densa
• Juxtaglomerular Cells

Endocrine structure that secretes the hormone erythropoietin & enzyme renin

• collecting duct
• nephrons

papillary duct

Makes final adjustments to urine by reabsorbing H2O or reabsorbing or secreting various ions

• Ctrls amt of H2O reabsorbed along DCT & collecting duct
• W/O ADH DCT & collecting duct impermeable to H2O

• Little H2O is reabsorbed
• Virtually all H2O reaching DCT is lost to urine

• DCT & collecting duct are very permeable to H2O
• Person produces sm amt of highly concentrated urine

• Hormone Aldosterone
• Adrenal Cortex

In response to lowered Na+ concentrations or elevated K+ concentrations in blood

The more Na+ are reclaimed & the more K+ are lost

Brief but powerful Vasoconstriction causing BP elevation in renal arteries

Triggers constriction of efferent arterioles elevating glomeruler pressures & filtration rates

Triggers release of ADH stimulating reabsorption of H2O & Na ions causing sensation of thirst

Stimulates secretion of aldosterone by adrenal cortex & epi/norepi by adrenal medullae causing increase in systemic BP

Na reabsorption along DCT & collecting sys

• Part of the renin- angiotensin sys
• Converts inactive angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which a converting enzyme activates angiotensin II

Causes release of renin by juxtaglomerular apparatus in response to low glomerular pressures due to decrease in blood volume, fall in systemic pressures or blockage of renal artery or its tributaries

• Transport of solutes out of peritubular capillaries, across tubular epithelium & into filtrate
• Can further lower plasma concentration of undesirable materials

B/c filtration does not force all dissolved materials out of blood

• Removal of water & solute molecules fr filtrate & their reentry into circulation @ peritubular capillaries
• Occurs aft filtrate enters renal tubule

• A selective process that involves simple diffusion or the activity of carrier proteins in the tubular epithelium
• H2O reabsorption occurs passively thru osmosis

Maintain homeostasis by regulating vol & composition of blood

• Urea
• Creatinine
• Uric Acid

Organic waste created during breakdown of amino acids

Metabolic waste created in skeletal muscle thru breakdown of creatine phosphate

Metabolic waste created during breakdown & recycling of RNA

Around 10 mmHg

• Amt of filtrate produced in kidneys each minute
• About 125mL/min

Cup shaped drain that ducts within the renal papilla discharge urine into

• 4 or 5 minor calyces merged together
• 2 major calyces merge to form funnel shaped chamber or renal pelvis

• funnel shaped chamber made up of both major calyces
• Connected to ureter thru which urine drains out of kidney

• Exit of ureter fr kidney
• Place where renal artery & renal nerve enter kidney
• Renal vein exits kidney

• Starts @ abd aorta
• Enters renal sinus & divides branches that supply interlobular arteries

Interlobular veins -> arcuate -> interlobar -> renal veins & out of the kidney

• Network of capillaries that surround proximal & distal convoluted tubules
• Provide route for p/u or delivery of substances reabsorbed or secreted by this portion of the nephron

Long, straight capillaries that parallel loop of henle deep into the medulla

Juxtamedullary nephron structure is located mostly within the medulla where as a cortical is located within the cortex