Revision for 1030

they are a routine of clinical safeguards that are used for every patient regardless of their perceived infectious status.

• As patients may be unaware of the infections they have, which means staff and other patients may be at risk of cross-infection
• If patients infectious status is unknown and lab tests need to be performed, wont be completed in time to provide emergency care
• Patients may be infectious before lab tests are positive or signs of disease have manifested.
• Introduction of them means no patients feels discriminated against.

A medical history identifies any conditions that may compromise the patients health during dental treatment. It heaps identify any communicable disease from which a patient may be suffering and be aware of but not know the relevance to the dentist.

Protecting staff and patients from transmission of a particular disease through airborne, droplet or direct or indirect contact. Required for those diseases that are dangerously infectious.

• face mask
• hair control
• gown
• safety glasses (for both the patient and staff)
• single use gloves

• Sharps bin
• clean and contaminated zones - keeping them separate
• sterilisation of instruments through ultrasonic cleaners or autoclaves
• frequent washing of hands

• - Diabetes: if poorly controlled or if patient has trouble controlling their blood glucose levels, they are more likely to have periodontitis. If the periodontitis is not treated (which can actually help control blood glucose levels) and the diabetes remains poorly controlled, it can speed up the insulin resistance in the body.
• - Asthma: inhaled steroids or cortisols increases the risk for oral candidiasis

• Studies have shown that bad oral health is a risk towards Cardiovascular Disease. Evidence of this has shown that microorganisms of the oral cavity have been found in atherosclerotic lesions e.g. P. gingivalis and Chlamydia pneumoniae.
• Respiratory disorders such as pneumonia also has oral health risks as the bacteria has to travel through the oral cavity to get the the lungs.
• Having better oral care has shown a decrease in rate of respiratory infections in intensive care patients and a decrease risk of CVD.

A complex microbial community found on tooth surfaces.

Chalky white substance found on tooth surfaces.

Mass of cells, bacteria and left over food that you can scrape off your teeth.

• 1. Acquired pellicle formations:
• - protein in saliva sticks to tooth
• 2. Attachment of single bacterial cells
• - aerobic species attach to pellicle e.g. Streptococcus mitis
• 3. Growth of bacterial to form micro organisms
• - grow and attach to one another, very organised
• 4. Microbial succession and increase species diversity
• - structure = very complex = defend itself so can sustain its environment
• - aerobic to anaerobic environment
• - Fusobacterium nucleatum is very important as a link of the Gram positive and Gram negative organisms
• 5. Mature Biofilm/ complex community:
• - increase in anaerobic species at base (nice and thickly attached)
• - aerobic organisms loosely found on top
• - organised defence systems e.g. water channels to flush out dead aerobes and nutrient systems
• *Can actually move and colonize elsewhere

Using plaque disclosing tablets or two tone disclosing gels which die young and mature plaque either pink or purple respectively.

Identifies to patient where they arent cleaning properly

* Halitosis - mature plaque biofilm and tongue coating

• Keep biofilm young and keep oxygen flowing through it - preventing the nasty anaerobes
• prevent oral diseases

• The Modified Bass Technique:
• - hold tooth brush (soft bristle and small head) at a 45^o angle to long axis of teeth directed towards the gingival sulcus
• - circular, vibrating motion

Before brushing.

Can be better as removes plaque faster BUT it depends on how you use it and how well you use it in disrupting the biofilm and keeping it young.

• Floss
• Flossettes
• Super Floss
• Interdental Brushes
• Special Purpose Brushes

• - delegation of tasks
• - allow training and supervision
• - efficient and effective delivery of services
• - effective management - hierarchy of professionals
• - job variety

• -dentists/ dental specialists
• - oral health therapists
• - dental therapists
• - dental hygienists
• - dental prosthetist
• - dental assistant.

• - receptionist
• - treatment co-ordinator/ practice manager
• - dental technician - both on and off site.

Dental therapists can only perform procedures on 4-17 year old. Basically carry out all procedures dentists can except for invasive treatments. E.g. charting and examinations, local anaesthetics, extractions of primary teeth, cavity prepping for primary and permanent teeth.

Dental hygienists can work on people of all ages and can track signs of periodontal disease, perform prophylaxis, remove sutures and perio-packs and perform orthodontic needs, along with many other tasks.

• Traditional:
• - reception
• - data entry
• - chairside assist

• Expanded Duties:
• - impressions and study models
• - photography
• - saliva/ plaque testing
• - diet analysis and lifestyle counseling.

• Dentists are perceived as more of a physician of the mouth
• There is a greater stress on prevention rather than intervention
• Are involved in both general and surgical procedures