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apothecary system
oldest system, consists of dram, ounce, grain
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dram to milliliters
4 mLs in 1 dram
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ounce to milliliters
30 mLs in 1 ounce
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mgs to grain
64.8 mgs in 1 grain
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gtt to mls
15 drops = 1 mL
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mls in a T
15mls in a tablespoon
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mls in a t
5 mls in a teaspoon
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units for chemo/body surface area calculations
m2, use a chart
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Dose
The quantity of drug to be administered at ONE time (eg amoxicillin 100 mg)
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Dosage interval
amount of time between separate doses (eg q12h)
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dosage (dosage regimen)
the regimen of size (quantity), dosage interval and number of doses. (eg, amoxicillin 100mg every 12 hours for 7 days)
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Elixir
a hydroalcoholic solution containing a medication
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syrup
a sugar and water solution containing a medication
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emulsion
an oily substance disbursed in an aqueous medium
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Suspension
- contains fine particles of an insoluble drug suspended or dispersed in a liquid vehicle (transporting agent for drug)
- Particles can settle, so must be mixed
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luer-lock syringe and needle
- luer lock tip is the screw-top. Plunger has top and bottom ring (rubber)
- Needle has hub, shaft and bevel
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loading dose
generally a high dose of a drug given at the onset of drug therapy with the aim of rapidly achieving a certain, desired blood plasma concentration of the drug
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Maintenance Dose
a dose of a drug given in a series of repetitive doses (or by continuous IV infusion) in order to maintain a certain, desired blood plasma concentration of the drug
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percent concentration
weight of drug in grams per 100mL of solution
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To calculate mg/mL from % soln
- multiply % concentration by 10.
- 1% solution = 1g/100mL or 10mg/mL
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to calculate % soln from mg/mL
- divide mg/mL by 10
- 10 mg/mL = 1g/100mL = 1%
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Suspension
contains fine particles of insoluble drug suspended in a liquid vehicle. Upon standing, settles. Must be mixed thoroughly.
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Reconstitution
- Adding a diluent to a drug in dry or powder form to make a liquid.
- Common diluents are sterile water, 0.9% NaCl and 5% dextrose (D5W).
- Vaccines and injectable antibiotics often reconstituted.
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Label reconstituted drug vial with (5)
- date and time of preparation
- strength of solution
- date and time of expiration
- storage directions
- initials
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Percent solution formulas
% soln = [g(100)] / mL
g=weight dry drug in grams
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Dilution formula
- V1C1=V2C2
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- (desired strength/available strength) = (amount to use/amount to make)
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IV fluid formula
[volume of infusion in mL / time of infusion (min)] x drop factor (gtt/mL)
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