Bio141 Test 1

The study of life

• Responsiveness     *Movement
• Digestion              *Adaptability
• Respiration           *Excretion
• Growth & reproduction  *Circulation

• Anatomy is the study body structure.
• Physiology is the study of body function.
• they are interrelated

They are both interrelated

Microscopic anatomy is the study of cells and structures that can only be seen with a microscope. Macroscopic or gross anatomy deals with larger structures that can be seen with the naked eye

Organ systems, Organ, Tissues, Cells, Molecules

• Cells are the structural building blocks of all plants and animals
• Cells are produced by the division of existing cells
• Cells are the smallest structural units that perform vital functions of the body

The study of tissues

• Epithelial Tissue
• Connective Tissue
• Muscle Tissue
• Neural Tissue

• Covers surfaces
• Lines structures
• Forms secretory glands

• Fills internal spaces
• Provides structural support
• Stores energy

contracts to produce active movement

• Conducts electrical impulses
• Carries information

• *Integumentary *Nervous       *Lymphatic
• *Urinary            *Skeletal       *Endocrine
• *Respitory         *Reproductive*Muscular
• *Cardiovascular  *Digestive

Skin

Produces hormones

Fight pathogens

A relatively constant internal environment

• Homeostasis
• Receptors
• Control Center
• Effectors

Effectors work to bring the body back to homeostasis

Works to accelerate reaction. Like childbirth

Laying face down

Laying down face-up

Protect internal organs and allow them to change shape

• Thoracic Cavity
• Abdominopelvic Cavity

Smallest stable unit of matter

• Protons
• Neutrons
• Electrons

• Carbon
• Hydrogen
• Oxigen
• Nitrogen

Variants of the same element; same number of protons, but different number of neutrons.

• 2, 8, 18
• rule: 2n²

• An ion with an extra electron
• has a net negative charge

• is missing an electron
• has a net positive charge

• Ionic Bond
• Covalent Bond
• Hydrogen Bond

oppositely charged ions become attracted to one another

Atoms like carbon with 4 valence electrons wont gain or lose electrons, but can share.

When polar molecules like water bond with each other and other substances because of their unequal distribution of electrons.

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas

Has fixed volume and fixed shape

Has fixed volume, but random shape

random volume and random shape

• Decomposition Reactions
• Synthesis Reactions
• Exchange Reactions

AB ⇀ A+B

A+B → AB

AB+CD → AC+BD

Decomposition reactions of complex molecules within the body's cells and tissues.

The synthesis of new molecules within the body's cells and tissues.

AB+H₂O→ A(H)+B(OH)

• Lubrication
• Reactivity
• Heat Capacity
• Soluability

Reactions that release energy

Reactions that require more energy to begin than are released during the reaction

• The relationship of H⁺ to OH^- on a logarithmic scale.
• 1 hast most H⁺ (acidic)
• 14 has more OH^- (basic)

A substance that stabilizes pH by adding or removing hydrogen ions.

a compound containing Hydrogen, Carbon, and usually Oxygen

Groups of atoms that occur frequently across many different types of molecules. They greatly influence the properties of any molecule in which they occur.

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acid

• monosaccharide
• disaccharide
• polysaccharide
• Used for quick energy

• Fatty Acids
• Glycerol
• Steroids
• Long term storage & insulation

• Peptides
• Dipeptides
• Polypeptides
• Muscles structure, hair & nails, enzymes

• Neuclotides
• DNA
• RNA
• ATP
• Storage of information, information transfer, and high energy

(A)H + (B)OH → AB + H₂O

Attracts water

repels water

All carbon atoms of the molecule are filled with hydrogen atoms.

A lipid chain where one or more carbons along the chain have double bonds, and only one hydrogen linked. It causes a bend in the chain

Used to maintain cell membrane, and are also important in cell division

A phospholipid like molecule with a hydrophillic head and hydrophobic tail

a temporary or permanent change in the three dimensional shape of a protein.

part of an enzyme that accepts substrates

the reactants in enzymatic reactions

Enzymes only accept certain substrates. Dictated by size, shape, and charge.

• Function
• Shape
• Nitrogenous Bases (No U in DNA)
• Number of neuclotides
• Sugars

• ATP
• adenosine triphosphate

• Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
• All new cells result from division of old cells
• Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions

The space between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

The fluid that fills the cytoplasm

• Gives strength and support to the cell
• facilitates movement of cellular structures and materials

• Anchoring proteins
• recognition proteins
• receptor proteins
• carrier proteins
• channel proteins

• Microfilaments
• Microtubules
• Intermediate filaments

Propel fluids or solids across the cell surface

Loosely coiled DNA prior during interphase

Tightly coiled sister chormatids in preparation for cell division

are functional units of heredity, a gene has all he nucleotides needed to produce a specific protein

• Transcription from DNA to RNA to protein
• Transcription copies of the DNA onto RNA, translation translates the information from nucleotide to nucleic acid form

Transcribes genetic info from DNA and delivers it to the cytoplasm

directs translation of mRNA

Brings amino acids to the ribosomes that correspond to each codon of mRNA

• Information stored in a sequence of base pairs.
• T:A
• C:G
• U=T (No T in RNA)

Channel Protein requires ATP to move solutes across the plasma membrane

Lipids, CO₂, and O₂ can pass through freely. Other particles must go through facilitated diffusion or active transport

The tendency of solutes to become evenly distributed

The tendency of water to move across a membrane towards the more concentrated solution.

solutes are equally concentration cell stays the same size

cell has greater concentration inside, and will swell as water comes in

greater concentration outside the cell, the cell will shrivel

The bringing of particles into the cell via a vesicle of plasma membrane

Expelling of particles via a plasma membrane vesicle

the engulfment of a pathogen in a plasma membrane vesicle, before expelling it from the cell.

time between mitosis, cell prepares for division

• First stage of mitosis
• Chromosomes form
• Nucleus breaks down
• Spindle apparatus forms

The stage of mitosis where chromosomes line up along the equator

The stage of mitosis where the chromatid pairs are separated and move towards the opposite poles of the cell

• The final stage of mitosis
• Spindle apparatus disappears
• cellular membranes reappear
• chromosomes disappear
• completion of cytokinesis

A disease characterized by mutations that influence cell division

Where the growth of a tumor accelerates and malignant cells begin to spread

tumors that remain in their point of origin