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Cognitive Map
-The mental represention of the enivironment that surrounds people
-Relationship among objects
-Neighborhoods,cities, and countries
- Represent spatial aspects of external environment
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Spatial Cognition
How one remembers the world of navigation and how one keeps track of objects in a spatial array
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Cognitive Maps&Distance-Thorndyke
-Distance appears longer when route is clutter
-Ex. Miles and more miles if intervening cities
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Semantic Categories
-When two places belong to the same catagory, one believes it is geographically close
-Hirtle-towns and college campus
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Landmark Effect/McNamara and Diwadkar
-General tendency to provide shorter estimates when traveling to a landmark, rather than a nonlandmark
- -Landmark to nonlandmark-1.7 inches
- -Nonlandmark to landmark-1.4 inches
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Angles/ Moar&Bower
-Heuristic-solves a problem/90degree-angle heuristic- the angles represent angles in a mental mp being closer to the 90 degree than they really are
-Because when two streets meet in a urban area it forms a 90 degree angle
-Symmetry Heuristic- small inconsistencies of geographical reality are smoothed over, creating cognitive maps that are idealized and standerdized
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Rotation Heuristic
-Tilited geographical structure that is slightly tilted will be known as more vertical or more horizontal than they really is
-Rotating a single coastline, country, building, or other figure clockwise or counterclockwise so that the border is nearly vertical or horizontal in direction
-Ex.Cites in California
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Alignment Heuristic
-Geographical structures that are being more lined up than they really are.
-Lining up several separate countries, buildings or other figures in a straight row
-When top-down processing is to active, one misses important details of bottom-up processing
-Ex.Philadelphia&Rome
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Franklin&Tversky
-Ask particpants to depict a scene than recall information
-Answered quickest with what was above and below them
-2nd- ahead or behind
-3rd-right or left
-Constructed images as they went along and created an observer of the scene
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Spatial Framework Model
-Below&Above spatial dimension is very important- Becuse of gravity and asymmetric affect&upright human body is physically asymmetric
-Front&Back spatial dimension is moderately important- look at front than back/ human fron half is not asymmetric with back
-Right&Left spatial dimension is least important- Decisions take longer and not linked to gravity/ but since roughly symmetrical, it is hard to tell sometimes
- -North&South-easier to tell because of above&below
- -East&West- harder to tell because of right&left
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