N250 Terms ch 13, 15, 16-18

• conditions that keep the body as normal as possible.
• Keeping the body in balance

Control mechanisms to prevent changes in body that deviate from normal

the fluid outside the cells (1/3 of body water), includes interstitial space, blood, lymph, done, and connective tissue water.

fluid inside the cells (2/3 of body water)

included in the ECF, fluid between cells, sometimes called the third space

are the fluids in special body spaces and include cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and pleural fluid.

water portion of fluids

are the particles dissolved or suspended in water

• movement of fluid through a cell or blood vessel membrane because of hydrostatic pressure differences on both sides of the membrane.
• Occurs because of differences in water volume pressing against the confining walls of the space.

pressing of water molecules against the confining walls (water pushing pressure, it is the force that pushes water outward from a confines space through a membrane)

thicker

porous

hydrostatic pressure is the same in both fluid spaces

hydrostatic pressure not the same on both sides

graded difference (one space has a higher hydrostatic pressure than the other)

large spaces

tissue swelling with fluid collection in third space

free movement of particles (solute) across a permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (down a concentration gradient)

Membranes not open to certain particles

diffusion across a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a membrane-altering system

movement of water only through a selectively permeable (semi-permeable) membrane

the number of milliosmoles in a liter of solution

is the number of milliosmoles in a kg of solution

when all body fluids have the same gradient

fluid with osmolarities greater than 300 mOsm/L, they have greater osmotic pressure

fluids with osmolarities of less than 270 mOsm/L, they have lesser osmotic pressure

how well a particle type dissolves in water.

fluid similar to flood plasma, but contains far less protein

the minimum amount of urine per day needed to excrete toxic waste products is 400-600m

water loss from the skin, lungs, and stool

hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex whenever sodium level in the ECF is decreased. Prevents both water and sodium loss

or vasopressin, acts directly on kidney tubules and collecting ducts making them more permeable to water. More water is reabsorbed

hormones secreted by special cells that line the atria of the heart and ventricles of the heart. They are secreted in response to increased blood volume and BP. Have effects opposite of aldosterone

fluid intake is less than what is needed to meet the body’s fluid needs, resulting if a fluid volume deficit.

circulating blood volume is decreased and leads to inadequate tissue perfusion

hypotension is more severe with the patient in a standing position than with the patient in the sitting or lying position

body has decreased oxygen levels

increased osmolarity or concentration of the blood

excess of body fluid

excessive water in the vascular space

are substances in body fluids that carry an electrical charge

a mineral, is the major cation in the ECF and maintains ECF osmolarity

is a serum sodium level below 136. Often occur with fluid volume imbalances because the same hormones regular both sodium and water balance

fluid overload

serum sodium level over 145

more sodium is present to move readily across cell membranes during depolarization, making excitable tissues more easily excited.

is a serum potassium level below 3.5

decreased response to deep tendon reflex stimulation

absence of peristalsis

decreased blood oxygen levels

increased arterial carbon dioxide levels

serum potassium level higher than 5.0

as serum potassium levels rise, heartbeats generated outside the normal conduction system in the ventricles

numbness in hands and feet and around the mouth

having two positive charges (Ca2+)

total serum calium level below 9.0 mg/dl or 2.25 mmol/L

a total serum calcium level about 10.5mg/dl or 2.75mmol/L

a serum phosphorous level below 3.0 mEq/L

weak skeletal muscle that progresses to acute muscle breakdown

serum phosphorous level above 4.5 mEq/L

mineral that forms a cation when dissolved in water

serum magnesium level below 1.3 mEq/L

a serum magnesium level about 2.1 mEq/L

delivery of parenteral medications and fluids through a wide variety of catheter types and locations using multiple procedures

solution that is infused into the body

immediate serious reactions

plastic tube placed in a blood vessel to deliver fluids and medications

IV medications given in veins

composed of plastic cannula built around a sharp stylet extending slightly beyond the cannula.

are 6-8 inches long and are inserted through the veins of the antcubital fossa

drugs that cause severe tissue damage if they espace into the subcutaneous tissue

leaving into the subcutaneous tissue

the VAD is placed in the central blood vessels, such as the superior vena cava

inserted by a physician through the subclavian vein in the upper chest or the jugular veins in the neck using sterile technique.

have a portion of the catheter lying in a subcutaneous tunnel, separating the points where the catheter enters the vein from where it exits the skin

consist of a portal body, a dense septum over a reservoir, and a catheter

noncoring port access needles

cloudiness

attached to the primary set at a Y-injection site and is used to deliver intermittent medications.

• stationary, pole-mounted electronic device that uses a sensor to monitor fluid flow and to deter when flow has been interrupted.
• Rely completely on gravity create fluid flow.

pump medication or fluid under pressure

use an electronic or battery powered piston to push the plunger continuously at a selected milliliter-per-hour rate

generally use for home care patients and allow them to reutn to their usual activities which receiving infusion therapy.

the administration of chemotherapy agents into the peritoneal cavity

involves the slow infusion of isotonic fluids into the patient’s subcutaneous tissue

space between the dura mater and the vertebrae

below the arachnoid space

infused into the subarachnoid space closer to the spinal cord

allows access to the rich vascular network located in the long bones

• condition in which increase tissue pressure in a confined anatomic space causes decreased
• blood flow to the area.

Before surgery

During surgery

After surgery

a patient who is admitted to a hospital

patient who goes to the surgical area the day of the surgery and returns home the same day

carbon monoxide on oxygen binding sites of the hemoglobin molecule

collapse of alveoli

patient donates own blood before scheduled surgery

serious problems

deaths

painful urination

awakening during nighttime sleep because of a need to void

scant amount of urine, difficult to urinate

fatty tissue

no eating, drinking, smoking (stimulates gastric secretions)

high powered beam of light that cuts tissue more cleanly than do scalpel blades (Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation)

a tube that allows viewing and manipulation of internal body areas

the act of injecting of gas or air into the cavity before the surgery to separate organs and improve visualization.

induced state of partial or total loss of sensation,occuriring with or without loss of consciousness. Anesthesia blocks nerve impulse transmission, suppress reflexes, promote muscle relaxation and controlled level of unconsciousness

pain relief or pain suppression

memory loss of the surgery

recovery from the anesthesia

presence of muscle proteins in urine

applied to the skin or mucous membranes of the area to be anesthetized

blocks multiple peripheral nerves in a specific body region

reinfusing the patient’s own blood

sutures that are digested over time by body enzymes

encapsulated in the tissue during the healing process and remain in tissue until removed

recovery room

difference between the apical and peripheral pulses

• partial or complete separation of the outer wound layers
• “splitting open of the wound”

total separation of all wound layers and protrusion of internal organs through the open wound

removal of the infected or dead tissue