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The study of the structure of body parts and their relationship to one another is ________.
Anatomy
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The study of the function of the body is ______.
Physiology
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How does anatomy and physiology relate to each other?
We cannot study one with out studying the other.
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Atoms, tiny building blocks of matter, combine to form molecules such as water and proteins describes what level of organization?
Cellular level
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This level of organization is described as the ability for extremely complex functions to become possible.
organ level
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Organs that work together to accomplish a common purpose describes what level of organization?
Organ System level
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The sum total of all structural levels working together is called ______.
organismal level
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What are the 11 major organ systems?
- Integumentary
- skeletal
- muscular
- nervous
- endocrine
- cardiovascular
- lymphatic
- respiratory
- digestive
- urinary
- reproductive
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What are the 5 survival needs?
- nutrients
- oxygen
- water
- normal body temp.
- appropriate atmospheric pressure
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What are the 8 life functions?
- maintaining bounderies
- movement
- responsiveness
- digestion
- metabolism
- excretion
- reproduction
- growth
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The ability to maintain relatively stable internal conditions is _______.
homeostasis
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________ is some type of sensor that monitors the environment and responds to changes.
Receptor
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________ determines the set point.
control center
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Input flows from the receptor to the control center along the afferent pathway. Would this action be approaching or exiting?
approaching
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Information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent pathway. Would this action be approaching or exiting?
exiting
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________ provides the means for the control centers response to the stimulus.
effector
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When the output shuts off the original effect of the stimulus it is called a ______ ______ ________.
negative feedback mechanism
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When the result or response enhances the original stimulus it is called a _______ _______ ________.
positive feedback mechinism
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The frontal section goes....
- up and down
- through the torso and arms
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The median section goes....
- up and down
- through the middle of the body
- cuts it in half, long ways
-
The transverse section goes.....
- side to side
- cutting the body in half, top and bottom
-
Atoms that lose or gain electrons are called?
ions
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_____ _____ are made from ions.
ionic bonds
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Atoms that share one or more pairs of electrons are called ______ ______.
covalent bonds
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Electrons are not shared equally.
Polar
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Electrons are shared equally.
non-polar
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_______ are negative, _______ are positive, and ______ are neutral.
-
Each element has its own unique number of ______ in its atoms.
protons
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Atoms that have vacancies in their outermost shell tend to ____ __, ______, or ______ electrons with other atoms.
-
A hydrogen atom taking part in a polar covalent bond bears a slight ______ charge.
positive
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When a hydrogen atom interacts with a ______ charged atom in a different covalent bond, a _______ bond is formed.
-
What are the 3 unique properties of water?
- the ability to resist temp. change
- displays internal cohesion
- has the ability to dissolve polar or ionic substances.
-
______ have a pH that is less than 7, and _____ have a pH that is greater than 7.
-
_______ systems maintain the pH of body fluids.
buffer
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______ compounds are comprised mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Organic
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______ atoms bond covalently with up to 4 other atoms, often forming long chains or rings.
carbon
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Name 4 types of organic compounds.
- carbohydrates
- proteins
- lipids
- nucleic acids
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Carbohydrates are made up of subunits called _________ (sugars).
monosaccharides
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______ are greasy or oily compounds that tend not to dissolve in water but dissolve easily in ________ compounds.
-
Cell use _____ as major sources of energy and as structural materials.
lipids
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A proteins _______ structure is a linear sequence of amino acids (a polypeptide chain).
primary
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Changes in a proteins structure may alter its ______.
function
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When proteins change shape due to changes in pH, temperature, or exposure to certain chemicals it is called protein _________.
denaturation
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Nucleotides have a vital role in ________.
metabolism
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____ is the primary energy carrier in human cells.
ATP
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_____ and _____ are nucleic acids, each composed of a sugar backbone and ___ kinds of nucleotide subunits.
-
______ reactions require the input of energy and they build up larger molecules from smaller ones.
Synthesis
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_______ reactions are energy releasing and they break down larger molecules into smaller ones.
Decomposition
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______ are ______ catalysts that greatly enhance the rates of specific reactions.
-
Every chemical reaction requires that a certain amount of energy, called _______ energy, be absorbed to prime the reaction.
activation
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Most human cells have a ______ membrane, ________, and a _______.
-
Cell membranes consist mainly of ______ and ________.
-
The active components in cell membranes are _______.
proteins
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The lipid _______ prevents water-_______ substances from freely crossing the membrane.
-
Cell _______ form structural and ________ connections between cells in various tissues.
-
3 types of junctions are
- tight junctions
- desmosomes
- gap junctions
-
Substances tend to move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration- this is called
simple diffusion
-
Rate of diffusion is influenced by the steepness of the concentration _______, ______ _____, and _________.
- gradient
- molecular size
- temperature
-
Some molecules require the assistance of _______ proteins to enter or leave the cell.
transport
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________ diffusion is a passive process where either a ______ protein or a _______ protein will allow the diffusion of substances down its concentration gradient.
- Facilitated
- carrier
- channel
-
_______ is the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane.
Osmosis
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