-
Supergroup #3: Rhizaria
Consists of which three species?
- Radiolarians
- Foraminiferans
- Cercozoans
-
What are the defining characteristics of a Radiolarian?
- Glassy exoskeleton made of silica
- Bilateral or radial symmetry
- Pseudopodia (false feet) extend outward through small openings in exoskeleton
- forms most of the ooze on seafloor
-
Name two protists that contain silica, and which supergroup they're from.
- Radiolarians--Rhizaria
- Diatoms--Chromalveolata, Stramenophila
-
Do Radiolarians have bilateral or radial symmetry?
Both types
-
Pseudopodia means... ? Which protist species has pseudopodia?
- False feet
- All species in the supergroup Rhizaria!
- (Radiolarians, Foraminiferans, and Cercozoans)
-
Foraminiferans are found in which supergroup?
Rhizaria
-
What are the defining characteristics of foraminiferans? (Supergroup Rhizaria)
- Heterotrophic
- Freshwater and marine protists
- Many can derive nutrients from photosythesis of symbiotic algae living withing their tests
- Fossils created limestone deposits (White Cliffs of Dover)
- have tests or organic substance with grains of calcium carbonate, sand, bits of ecinoderm shells or sponge spicules
- have podia (cytoplasmic projections) for gathering food and materials for their tests and for swimming
-
This species from the supergroup ____ derives nourishment from photosythesis of symbiotic algae living within their tests.
Foraminiferans from the supergroup Rhizaria!
-
Some protists from the supergroup Rhizaria have tests. What does this mean?
Tests are shells which serve as the house for these protists.
-
Foraminiferan tests are made out of (silica/calcium carbonate).
Calcium carbonate--they are white and chalky
-
Tests of Radiiolarians are made out of (Silica/Calcium carbonate).
Silica--they are clear
-
What are the defining characteristics of Cercozoans? (Supergroup Rhizaria)
- Contain most of the amoeboid and flagellated protists that feed with threadlike pseudopodiaFound in marine and freshwater and in soil
- Most are parasites or predators
-
Cercozoans are from which supergroup, and where do they exist?
Rhizaria; found in marine, freshwater, and soil environments.
-
True or false: Most cercozoans are parasites or predators.
True.
-
Supergroup #4: Archaeplastida
Which species are found in this group? (RA-GA-LaP)
Includes red algae, green algae, and land plants
-
Sort the following types of algae into the correct groups.
1. Red Algae
2. Brown Algae
3. Gold Algae
4. Green Algae
- Chromalveolata; stramenophila: Gold & Brown Algae
- Archeaplpastida: Red & Green Algae
-
What are the characteristics of Red Alga - Rhodophytes? (rhodo=red)(supergroup Archaeplastida)
- No centrioles; no flagella
- Reproduce by alternation of generations
- produce pigments that give them a red color
- Phorohyra aka Japanese Nori is made from Red Algae
-
What are the characteristics of Green Algae?
- Divided into two groups: charophytes and chlorophytes
- charophytes are more related to plants
-
What are the two sub-groups of green algae?
-
What are the characteristics of Chlorophytes?
- Chlorophytes include 7,000 species
- most are freshwater (but also marine and terrestrial forms)
- Chlamydomonas: simple, unicellular, resembles gametes or zoospores of more complex chlorophytes
-
Habitats of unicellular chlorophytes include: ?
Water(phytoplankton), damp soil, symbiosis inside eukaryotes, and even snow!
-
Green Algae that exists in water are known as _____.
Phytoplankton
-
Green Algae is (unicellular/multicellular).
Both! Unicellular and Multicellular species exist.
-
Name three common colonial and multicellular chlorophytes:
-
Volvox
- colonial chlorophyte
- filamentous forms of green algae that forms pond scum
-
Ulva
- forms multicellular bodies by cell division and differentiation
- Ulva(sea lettuce) has developed alternation of generations
-
Caulerpa:
- type of colonial/multicellular chlorophyte
- shows repeted division of nucli with no cytoplasmic division, so it is one big "supercell"
- biflagellated gametes with cup shaped chloroplasts
-
True or False: Most chlorophytes have simple life cycles consisting of only asexual reproduction.
False! Most chlorophytes have complex life cycles with both asexual and sexual reproduction
-
Which Archaeplastid species contains no centrioles or flagella?
Red Algae
-
Which species of Archaeplastida is used to make Japanese Nori?
Red Algae
-
Which subspecies of Green Algae forms pond scum?
Volvox. Colonial green algae
-
Which subspecies of Green Algae is also known as Sea Lettuce?
C. Ulva
-
Supergroup #5: Unikonta
Extremely diverse supergroup that includes animals, fungi, and some protists.
-
Supergroup Unikonta is divided into the following two subgroups (Ayeee-oh!):
-
Unikonta subgroup A- Amoebozoans includes the following species (SEG):
- slime molds
- gymnamoebas
- entamoebas
-
Amoebozoans:
- True Amoebas
- pseudopodia that are lobe or tube shaped
- microfilaments of actin and myosin
- amoebas can move in ANY direction
-
Ameobazoan species A: Slime Molds
What are the two types?
- Originated at least 3 times, and used to be grouped as fungi
- Plasmodial
- Cellular
-
Sime mold type 1: Plasmodial Slime molds
- Multinucleate, moving mass of cytoplasm = feeding phase
- usually yellow or orange color
- feed on bacteria,yeast, other organic matter
- undergoes synchronous mitosis
- form sporangium under adverse conditions
-
Slime mold type 2: Cellular slime molds
- Individual, act like amoebas
- eat bacteria
- if food is scarce, they aggregate to form a moving "slug"
-
Which type of slime mold feeds on bacteria, as well as yeast and other organic material?
plasmodial slime mold
-
Which type of slime mold forms sporangium under adverse conditions?
a. plasmodial
b. cellular
a. plasmodial
-
Which type of slime mold aggregates into a moving "slug" if food is scarce?
a. plasmodial
b. cellular
b. cellular
-
Ameobazoan species B: Gynamoebas (naked amoebas)
- Large and varied group of amoebas
- free-living
- found in soil, freshwater, and saltwater
- heterotrophs that feed on bacteria, other protists, and detritus (dead organic material)
-
Detritus:
dead organic material
-
Ameobozoan species C: Entamoebas
- parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates
-
Entamoeba histolytica
- causes amebic dysentery
- spread via contaminated food, water, or eating utinsils
-
What happens if Entamoeba histolytica gets into the brain?
It will eat the brain tissue and cause abscesses!
-
Unikonta subgroup #2: Opisthokonts
Includes animals, fungi, and several groups of protists.
-
Opisthokonts species- Choanoflagellida:
- Most likely the common ancestor of sponges
- have single flagellum surrounded by collar of shorter filaments
- Feed by straining bacteria from water with their collar
-
Which species of the Amoebozoans are parasites of vertebrates and some invertebrates?
Entamoebas
-
Which protist group is most likely the common ancestor of the sponges?
Why is this significant?
- Protist Choanoflagellida (from the subgroup Opisthokonts of the Unikonta supergroup)
- Significant because sponges are thought to be the first Eukaryotic species--the ancient ancestor of humans
-
Which types of protists are or can be colonial?
- Some types of Gold Algae
- Some types of Green Algae Chlorophytes: Volvox
-
Which types of protist are or can be multicellular?
Ulva from the Green Algae chlorophytes
-
Which 5 protists are listed as photosynthetic?
- Euglena
- Dinoflagellates
- Golden Algae
- Diatoms
- Foraminiferans
-
Which two types of photosynthetic protists are can also be mixotrophs?
-
Which type of protist undergoes synchronous mitosis?
Plasmodial slime molds
-
Which protists reproduce only through mitosis?
- Euglenoids
- Ciliates
- Plasmodial slime molds
-
In Brown Algae (sporophytes/gametophytes) undergo meiosis to produce spores.
Sporophytes
-
In Brown Algae (sporophytes/gametophytes) are smaller, filamentous individuals.
gametophytes
-
Which protists can reproduce through alternation of generations?
- Rhodophytes (Red Algae)
- Green Algae, multicellular chlorophyte: Ulva
- Brown Algae
-
Which type of algae can form protevtive cysts if environmental conditions deteriorate?
A. gold Algae.
-
Which algae is the only algae that DOES NOT reproduce through alternation of generations?
Gold Algae!
-
Which protists are or can become heterotropic?
- Euglenoids (mixotroph or heterotrophic)
- Ciliates
- Foraminiferans
- Gymnamoebas
- Plasmodial slime molds
- cellular slime molds
|
|
