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forgetting that is caused by physical problems in the brain, such as those induced by injury or disease
amnesia
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memory loss for events that happen after the point of physical injury
anterograde amnesia
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a testing condition in which people are given an explicit retrieval cue to help them remember
cued recall
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the proposal that memories are forgotten or lost spontaneously with the passage of time
decay
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refers to how unique or different a memory record is from other things in memory. Distinctive memory records tend to be recalled well
distinctiveness
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spacing the repetitions of to-be-remembered information over time
distributed practice
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the system that produces and stores auditory sensory memories
echoic memory
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an encoding process that involves the formation of connections between to-be-remembered input and other information in memory.
elaboration
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the processes that determine and control how memories are formed
encoding
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a memory for a particular event, or episode, that happened to you personally, such as remembering what you ate for breakfast this morning or where you went on vacation last year.
episodic memory
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conscious, willful remembering
explicit memory
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rich memory records of the circumstances surrounding emotionally significant and surprising events.
flashbulb memories
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the loss of accessibility to previously stored material
forgetting
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a testing condition in which a person is asked to remember information without explicit retrieval cues
free recall
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the system that produces and stores visual sensory memories
iconic memory
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remembering that occurs in the absence of conscious awareness or willful intent
implicit memory
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the system used to maintain information for extended periods of time
long-term memory
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the capacity to preserve and recover information
memory
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the number of items that can be recalled from short-term memory in their proper presentation order on half of the tested memory trials.
memory span
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a mnemonic device in which you choose some pathway, such as moving through the rooms in your house, and then form visual images of the to-be-remembered items sitting in locations along the pathway
method of loci
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special mental tricks that help people think about material in ways that improve later memory. Most mnemonic devices require the use of visual imagery.
mnemonic devices
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a mnemonic device in which you form visual images connecting to-be-remembered items with retrieval cues, or pegs
peg-word method
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the better memory of items near the beginning of a memorized list
primacy effect
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a process in which old memories interfere with the establishment and recovery of new memories
proactive interference
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knowledge about how to do things, such as riding a bike or swinging a golf club
procedural memory
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the better memory of items near the end of a memorized list
recency effect
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a strategic process that helps maintain short-term memories indefinitely through the use of internal repetition.
rehearsal
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a defense mechanism that individuals use, unknowingly, to push threatening thoughts, memories, or feelings out of conscious awareness
repression
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the processes that determine and control how memories are recovered and translated into performance
retrieval
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a process in which the formation of new memories hurts the recovery of old memories
retroactive interference
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memory loss for events that happened prior to the point of brain injury
retrograde amnesia
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an organized knowledge structure in long-term memory.
schema
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knowledge about the world, stored as facts that make little or no reference to one's personal experience
semantic memory
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an exact replica of an environmental message, which usually lasts for a second or less
sensory memory
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a limited-capacity system that we use to hold information after it has been analyzed for periods lasting less than a minute or two
short-term memory
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the idea that the likelihood of correct retrieval is increased if a person uses the same kind of mental processes during testing that he or she used during encoding
transfer-appropriate processing
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the process used to construct an internal visual image
visual imagery
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