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Functionalist theory
sees society as a system of parts that work together to maintain the cohesion of the whole system
Emile Durkheim
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conflict theory
sees society as a collection of parts held together by social power
Karl Marx
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symbolic interaction
sees society as socially constructed by everyday encounters between people
Max Weber
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sociological imagination
ability to discern the relationship between individual experience and social forces in the larger society
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marx alienation
believed that industrial capitalism was an oppressive system that would fail, in part because it produced alienation.
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Weber rational theory
concluded that under industrial capitalism, society was becoming excessively rational and calculating. As a consequence, social vitality was lost, and life was lacking in spontaneity.
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Durkheim anomic
stressed the importance of shared values. When common values are absent, anomie prevails, and people suffer from the anxiety of not being attached to society.
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theory
body of plausible assertion that scientifically explain a phenomenom
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hypothesis
a prediction that reasonable follow after a theory
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Nominal Theory
Expresses the essence of an idea in words
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operational definition
Expresses the essence of the idea in terms of measurement
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Reliable measure
A measure that when repeated, produces the identical result....
Consistency
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Validity
When a measure really measures what a researcher intends it to measure.
Accuracy
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Research Methods
Quantitative and Qualitative
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Quantitative methods
Methods that rely heavily on statistical and mathematical techniques
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Qualitative methods
Research techniques that capture the subjective
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Census
an enumeration or polling of an entire population or universe
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population
refers to any collection of units that the researcher is interested in.
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survey
a research technique that polls a survey of respondents
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sample
a small number of cases that represent the entire universe
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independent variable
leads to or produces the dependent variable
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dependent variable
follows from or is caused by the independent variable
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experiment
procedure for studying the relation between two or more variables under controlled conditions.
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structured interview
procedure in which a researcher asks respondents a series of questions and then records the answers.
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life history
a long interview that attempts to discover the essential features, decisive moments, or turning points in a respondent life.
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participant observation
study to obtain in depth understanding of detailed and sometimes intimate knowledge of the people being studied by participating in their activities.
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