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Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle
- Attaches upper limbs to trunk
- Each consists of 2 clavicles & scapulasDoes not articulate (join) with vertebral column
- Most frequently fractured bones
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Clavicle (collar bone)
Consists of sternal (medial) & aromial (lateral) ends
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Scapula
- Shoulder blade
- Consists of vertebral (medial) border located near vertebral column
- Axillary (lateral) border located near armpit
- Coracoid process; anterior projection
- Subscapular fossa; anterior depression
- Spine; posterior border
- Acromion; flat portion of spine; highest point of shoulder
- Supra spinous fossa; depression above the spine
- Infra spinous fossa; depression below the spine
- Glenoid activity; forms the shoulder joint
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Upper Limb
- Each consists of 30 bones:
- 1 humerus (arms)
- 1 ulna (forearm)
- 1 radius (forearm)
- 8 carpal bones (wrist bones)
- 5 metacarpals (palms)
- 14 phalanges (digits)
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Humerus
- Longest & largest upper limb bone
- Proximal end forms the shoulder joint
- Distal end forms the elbow joint
- Head of humerus; located at proximal end
- Anatomical neck; directly supports head
- Greater tubercle; lateral point of shoulder
- Lesser tubercle; medial shoulder
- Body; cylindrical portion
- Deltoid tuberosity; roughened lateral, middle area
- Capitulum; lateral distal process
- Trochlea; medial distal process
- Radial & Coronoid Fossae; anterior distal depressions that receives radius and ulna during forearm flexion
- Olecranon fossa; posterior depression that recieves olecranon process of ulna during forearm extension
- Medial & lateral epicondyles; distal bony projections
- Ulnar nerve runs posterior to medial epicondyle (funny bone)
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Ulna
- Medial forearm bone (pinky side)
- Consists of:
- olcranon; elbow prominence
- coronoid process; anterior "lip" at proximal end
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Radius
- Lateral forearm bone (thumb side)
- Consists of:
- Head articulates with capitulum of humerus
- Radius tuberosity
- Styloid process; distal projection of wrist
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Carpals
- Each carpus (wrist) consists of 8 carpals arranged in 2 rows:
- 1. Proximal row includes: 1 scaphoid, 2. lunate, 2 triquetrum, 4 isiform
- 2. Distal row includes: 5 trapezium, 6 trapezoid, 7 capitate, 8 hamate
- Scaphoid involved in 70% of carpal fractures
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Metacarpals (palm)
- Consists of 5 metacarpals in each hand numbered I-V
- Lateral to medial; thumb, index, middle. Each metacarpal consists of a proximal base, middle shaft & distal head "knuckles"
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Phalanges (digits)
14 each hand; 2 in each thumb (pollex; thumb muscle) & 3 in each of the other digits
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Pelvic Girdle (hipbones)
- Joined anteriorly by pubic symphysis
- Consists of 3 fused bones including illium, ishium & pubis
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Ilium
- Largest & Superior part
- Ilium Parts: iliac crest; superior border (hands on hip), anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS); hip pointer, auricular surface forms sacrolliac joint
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Ischium
- Inferior & Anterior
- Both the pubis & ischium form orburator foramen; largest foamen in skeleton
- Deep fossa; forms hip joint
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Pelvis
- Pelvic brim (inlet) is a boundary dividing pelvis into superior & inferior portions
- False (greater) pelvis
- True (lesser) pelvis
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False (greater) Pelvis
- Superior to brim
- (Boundaries) Bordered:
- *posteriorly; lumbar vertebrae
- *laterally; upper hip bones
- *anteriorly;abdominal wall
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True (lesser) Pelvis
- Inferior to brim
- (Boundaries) Bordered:
- *posteriorly; saccrum & coccyx
- *laterally; lower hip bones
- *anteriorly; pubic bones
- Pelvic inlet & outlets are the superior & inferior openings
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Male Pelvis
- Larger & heavier
- Smaller pelvic inlet & outlet
- Pubic arch is less than 90 deg
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Female Pelvis
- Larger pelvic inlet (brim & outlet)
- Pubic arch is greater than 90 deg
- Illiac crest is less curved (wider hips)
- Coccyx more moveable
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Lower Limb
- Each consists of 30 bones including:
- 1 femur (thigh)
- 1 patella (knee cap)
- 1 tibia (leg bone)
- 1 fibula (leg bone)
- 7 tarsals (ankle)
- 5 metatarsals (foot)
- 14 phalanges (digits)
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Femur
- Largest, heaviest, and strongest bone
- Proximally head forms hip joint
- Greater trochanter; body projection on side of hip
- Body (shaft)
angles medially- Linea aspera
; posterior ridge of shaft - Distally femur forms knee joint
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Patella
- Sesamoid bone located in quadriceps tendon
- Base; broad surface
- Apex; narrow surface
- Increases leverage & maintains position of quadriceps tendon
- Patellofemoral stress syndrome; "runners knee" patella glides abnormally
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Tibia (shinbone)
- Medial weight bearing leg bone
- Proximal end articulates with femur forming knee joint
- Tibial tuberosity; distal to patella
- Distally, medial malleolus articulates with talus (ankle bone) & fibula to form ankle joint
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Fibula
- Smaller, lateral non-weight bearing leg bone
- Distally, lateral malleolus articulates with talus & tibia to form ankle joint
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Tarsus (ankle)
- Each consists of:
- Talus; most proximal & forms ankle joint
- Calcaneus (heel bone); largest & strongest
- Navicular (bat shaped), cuboid (cube shaped) & 3 cyneiforms (tarsal muscle)
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Metatarsus
- Consists of 5 metatarsals (I-V) in each foot numbered starting with big toe (great) toe called hallux
- "Tall Centers Never Take Shots From Corners"
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Foot arches
- Support weight of body
- Foot arches:
- 1. transverse arch
- 2. logitudinal arch; consists of medial & lateral portions
- Flatfoot; medial longitudinal arch decreases or "falls"
- Clawfoot; medial longitudial arch abnormally elevated
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The olecranon is at the proximal end of the ____.
ulna
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The tibia articulates distally with the ____ & ____.
fibula & talus
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Which structures are on the posterior surface of the upper limb?
olecranon process and olcranon fossa
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The anatomical name for the socket into which the humerus fits is the _____ cavity.
glenoid
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The cuboid, triquetrum, navicular and first cuneiform are all _____ bones.
tarsal
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The _____ articulates (joins) with the sacrum.
ilium
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The greater trochanter is a large bony prominence located near the ____ tuberosity.
tibial
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The hamate, pisiform, trapezium and scaphoid are all _____ bones.
carpal
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The sesamoid bone that forms in the the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle is the _______.
patella
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The portion of the pelvis superior to the pelvic brim is the _____ pelvis.
false
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The ____ of the _____ fits into a depression called the acetabulum.
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The metatarsals are ______ to the tarsals.
distal
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The acromial extremity is located on the lateral end of ______.
clavicle
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Body landmark: acromion articulates with the ______
scapula
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Body landmark: coronoid process articulates with the _____
ulna
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Body landmark: lateral malleolus articulates with the ______
fibula
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Body landmark: deltoid tuberosity articulates with the ______
humerus
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Body landmark: radial tuberosity articulates with the ______
ischium
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Body landmark: anterior inferior illiac spine articulates with the _________
ilium
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Body landmark: linea aspera articulates with the ________
femur
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Body landmark: ischial tuberosity articulates with the ______
clavicle
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Body landmark: coracoid process articulates with the ______
scapula
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Body landmark: medial malleolus articulates with the ______
tibia
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Body landmark: glenoid cavity articulates with the _____
Scapula
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Body landmark: coronoid fossa articulates with the _____
humerus
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Body landmark: obturator foramen articulates with the _____ & _____
ischium & pubis
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Function: Attaches the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
the pectoral girdle
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Weakest part of the clavicle
its midregion at the junction of the two curves
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Part of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
Acromion
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How many bones make up each upper limb?
Each upper limb has 30 bones
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Parts of the humerus that articulate with the radius at the elbow?
capitulum & radial fossa
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Parts of the humerus articulates with the ulna at the elbow?
trochlea, coronoid fossa, & olecranon fossa
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What part of the ulna is called the "elbow"?
olecranon
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Which is the most frequently fractured wrist bone?
scaphoid
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Function: attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and supports the vertebral column and pelvic area
the bony pelvis
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Which part of the hip bone articulates with the femur?
acetabulum of the hip bone
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Which part of the hip bone articulates with the sacrum?
auricular surface of the hip bone
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How many bones make up each lower limb?
each lower limb has 30 bones
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Why is the angle of convergence of the femurs greater in females than in males?
Because the female pelvis is broader
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The patella is classified as a ______ bone because it develops in a tendon (tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle of the thigh)
sesamoid
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This bone bears the weight of the body.
tibia
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Which tarsal bone articulates with the tibia & fibula?
talus
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Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
clavicle & scapula
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When you palpate your shoulder, the highest point you feel is the _____ process.
acromion
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The roughened section on the humerus where the deltoid muscles attaches is called the deltoid _____.
tuberosity
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The olecranon process is located on the distal end and posterior side of the ______.
ulna
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The ____ is located in the forearm on the medial side (i.e. pinky side).
ulna
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At the elbow joint, the radius articulates (connects) with:
the capitulum of the humerus
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Lateral to your umbilicus, the projection you can palpate from the surface that people usually call you "hip bone" is actually what?
iliac crests
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The head of the femur fits into the _____, a depression or socket in the hip bone.
acetabulum
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Male and female pelvises differ in what ways?
- *female pelvises are wider and shallower
- *males have a more rounded obturator foramen
- *females have a rounder pelvic inlet
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The sharp line along the anterior surface of your lower leg (your shin) is formed by the ____ crest of the fibula.
tibia
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The projection on the lateral surface of your ankle is formed by which structure?
lateral malleolus of the fibula
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The talus, calcaneus, and navicular bones are all _____ bones.
tarsal
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The tibiofemoral joint is another name for the ____ joint.
knee
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The _____ is a small bone located anterior to the knee joint.
patella
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When you are sitting, your weight is resting on the _____ tuberosities.
ischial
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Your "heel" bone is the:
calcaneus (largest of tarsal bones)
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There are __ phalanges in the entire body.
56 (14 in each)
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The projection on the medial and posterior aspect of your wrist is formed by the:
styloid process of the ulna
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At the lateral end of the superior border of the scapula is a projection of the anterior surface called the
coracoid process
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The ramus and pubis surround the ____ foramen, the largest foramen in the skelton.
orbturator
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