Father of computing
Conceived the idea of a computer
Charles Babbage
What did the first computer concept consist of?
Main memory (store)
Arithmetical/Logical Unit (Mill) aka A.L.U
Mechanical
Name of the first computer?
ENIAC
The first computer was built in ______ by ______.
1945
IBM
Was the ENIAC sold to the public?
No.
List some characteristics of the 1st computer
All electronic
Executed 5000 basic arithmetic operations per second
Programmable
Huge/Expensive/Unreliable
Companies weren't interested due to it's unreliability
The first computer built for resale was called the _______. It was built in _______ by ___________.
UNIVAC I
1951
Remington Rand
The era of 1st generation computers was _____- ______
1946-1960
The two parts of the CPU are the ____ _____ and the _____ _____ ______.
Control Unit
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
What was the era of 2nd generation computers?
1960-1964
In 2nd generation computers what was the vacuum tube replaced by?
The transistor.
What was the era of 3rd generation computers?
1965 - 1970
In 3rd generation computers, what was the transistor replaced by?
Integrated circuits
What was the era of 4th generation computers?
1971 - present
In modern day computers, what is the significant cost for businesses?
The software (not the hardware)
Describe the relationship between cost and performance in modern computers.
There is constantly a tremendous decrease in price and increase in performance.
If the automotive industry pricing mirrored the computer industry how much would a Lexus cost today?
2 dollars
What is Moore's Law?
The number of transistors (integrated circuits) that can be packed into a chip will double every 18 months.
What will replace the silicon chip?
Nanotechnology
A communication network connects _____ ______ to one or more _______.
many individual
computers
List some characteristics of the 4th generation computers.
Still using integrated circuits
Price decreasing/Performance increasing
Every business can afford
Communication Networks were developed
Multimedia Computers introduced
Data transmission is faster and faster
What is a Multimedia Computer?
Presents information in more than one medium including text, graphics, animation, video, music and voice.
What is expected in the next generation of computers?
Smaller/more powerful/more affordable/portable
Silicon chip will be replaced by nanotechnology
Improvement in Communications (connectivity/interactivity/multimedia)
The two major categories of Information Systems are _____ and ______.
personal
shared
What were 3 parts of the "Computing Revolution"
1. Many people per every one computer
2. One person to every computer
3. One person to many computers
What part of the "Computer Revolution" is the United States in?
The third (one person to many computers)
What are the 5 components that interact to make up COMPUTER INFORMATION SYSTEMS
Hardware
Software
Data
Procedures
Trained Personnel
The physical equipment used in Information Systems is the _______.
hardware
The _______ is the set of instructions that tell the computer how to perform a task. Also known as a ______.
software
program
Two categories of software are _____ programs that control the computer and _____ programs that are designed to solve particular processes.
systems
applications
Procedures
___ are instructions for people on the use and operation of a business computer system
Data
______ consists of raw facts and figures that can be processed into information
Information
_____ is the knowledge derived from data
Good information is ________, _______ and
________.
Pertinent
Accurate
Timely
The people that operate the Computer Information System are referred to as ______ ______
trained personnel.
A computer is a ___________ machine.
programmable
A computer accepts _____ data, then ______
this data and produces _____ data.
input
processes
output
What are the 3 main components of a computer?
1. CPU
2. Input Devices
3. Output Devices
The ____ is where the computer performs all of it's processing and where the operations of all it's hardware components are controlled.
CPU (Central Processing Unit)
List the 5 types of computers in order of increasing cost and power.
1. Microcontroller
2. Microcomputer
3. Workstation
4. Mainframe
5. Supercomputer
In 1st generation computers, the power was supplied by ______ ______.
vacuum tubes
The 3 major drawbacks of 1st generation computers were that they were _____, they _____ _____ and were _______.
huge
failed often
expensive
1st generation computers used _______ _______ to program.
machine language
True or False. 1st generation computers WERE NOT practical for private businesses.
True.
In 2nd generation computers, how many programs could run at once?
One
2nd generation computers were used by large companies for _______ only.
accounting
3rd generation computers introduced the ability to _____-______.
multi task
The first ____ ________ was developed during the 3rd generation of computers.
U.S. Network
The cost of 3rd generation computers was still over a _____ _____.
million dollars
______ sized companies could afford 3rd generation computers for needs beyond _____.
Medium
accounting
3rd generation computers were ____, more _____ than 2nd generation computers and they could ____ _____.
smaller
powerful
multi task
Identifying data by one or more traits is called _______.
classifying
List the 4 steps of the CONTROL UNIT.
1. Fetch
2. Decode
3. Execute
4. Store
Program instructions are executed in the ___________ part of the CPU.
Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)
The _____ ______ controls the machine cycle.
control unit
The control unit directs movement of _______
signals between memory and the ______.
electronic
CPU
The _______ is the brain of the computer that follows the instructions of the computer to turn data into _______.
CPU
information
Putting data into some logical order is called _____.
sorting
Performing arithmetic operations on data is called _______ .
calculating
________ is the term used for when intermediate results are kept for later use.
Storing.
Transforming data into information is called _____.
processing
The ________ includes the CPU along with with some circuitry on a silicon chip.
microprocessor
The ______ ______ holds program instructions and data during processing.
main memory
A ______ is the unit of measurement for one machine cycle every second.
hertz
Registers are high speed storage areas that temporarily hold _______, ________, and ______ during processing.
instructions
addresses
data
_________ are electronic data roadways through which data is transmitted withing the CPU and between the CPU and other components of the computer.
Bus Lines
All of the program instructions travel to get to the CPU via the ________ ____.
Frontside Bus
Main memory is made from _______.
RAM
Three main descriptions of RAM
reusable
used for the main memory of the computer
volatile
Where do computer programs need to be before they can be executed?
main memory
What are high speed storage areas that hold information during processes?
registries
What do we call the lowest form of data in a computer's memory?
bit
A gigabyte is equal to ______ _______ characters.
one billion
What are two components that determine a computer's power?
processing speed and size of memory
______ memory is non-volatile and can be erased as well as re-programmed.
FLASH
_______ memory speeds up processing by storing instructions and data that the processor is using frequently.
Level 3 or L3/ cache memory
_______ memory is when some free hard disk space is used during processing to extend the capacity of RAM.
Virtual
____ memory or _____ doesn't lose contents when power is turned off and is not easily reusable.
Read only
ROM
_____ chips allow you to load data only once.
PROM
Programs on ROM are called _________.
firmware
The ______ memory doesn't lose contents when power is turned off, can be reprogrammed and is powered by battery.
CMOS
_____ cache or _____ cache is on the microprocessor.
L2
internal
_____ cache is located in the CPU.
L1
The _______ system is used for data representation inside of memory with only the values of 0 and 1.
binary
0 means electric current is turned _____ while 1 means electric current is turned _____.
off
on
A _______ represents one character of data in memory. It also used as the basic unit of measure for main memory and secondary storage.
byte
A kilobyte is equal to ______ characters.
1000
A megabyte is equal to _______ character.
1 million
A terabyte is equal to _______ characters.
1 trillion
For character to binary conversion, _______ is used in microcomputers.
ASCII
For character to binary conversion, _______ is used in mainframe computers.
EBCIDIC
For character to binary conversion,_________ uses 2 bytes for each character and allows almost all written languages of the world to be represented using a single character set (or table).
unicode
The number one factory in determining computer speed is the ______ speed.
CPU
In Supercomputers the unit of measure for the CPU is called a _______.
FLOP
FLOP stands for ________.
Floating point operations per second.
In Mainframes and Workstations, the unit of measure for the CPU is called _______.
MIPS
MIPS stands for _______.
Millions of instructions per second.
In microcomputers, or PCs, the unit of measure for the CPU is the ______.
hertz
True or false? FLOPS, MIPS and hertz are a complete measure of a CPU's speed.
False, but hertz is better.
______ ______ is the amount of data (bits) that a CPU can process in a single step.
Word Size
List 2 types of instruction sets.
CISC
RISC
_____ is the instruction set used in microcomputers and mainframes which used lots of instructions to complete a function.
CISC
_____ is the instruction set that is faster because it requires fewer instructions to perform a task.
RISC
______ refers to the ability of the processor to overlap the fetching, decoding, execution and storing.
Pipelining
A _________ boosts a computer's speed by taking over from the main processor (CPU) the performance of complex and timely operations.
co-processor (such as mpu or gpu)
_________ is when CPUs alternate communications between two or more memory banks. Normally only used in workstations, mainframes or supercomputers.
Interleaving
_______ provides the CPU(s) with additional data from main memory based on the likelihood that it will be used.
Bursting
A ___________ processor has 2 or more processors on a single piece of silicon, which allows the OS to divide work over more than one processor .
multicore
_______ is when the OS treats the multicore processor like it is separate CPUs
Multithreading
The ___________ is the main circuit board in a computer that contains the CPU and at least part of the main memory.
motherboard
____ _____ are circuit boards that provide more memory or control input and output devices.
Expansion cards
The ____ _____ connects the CPU with expansion slots.
expansion bus
When you add additional hardware like a second hard drive you are ______ your computer.
expanding
When you change to a newer, more sophisticated version of your computer's components, such as a new microprocessor, you are _______ your computer.
upgrading
A _______ bit is a 9th bit that is used by the computer to check for errors when data is re-entered for processing.
parity
_____ _____ ____ are devices that permanently hold data and information as well as programs.
