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sociological perspective
a way of taking a sociological approach or thinking sociologically about the world
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what is sociology
one of the social sciences
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sociology?
- disciplines that examine the human or social world
- aka the study of society
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according to howard becker, sociology is...
the study of people doing things together because neither the individual nor society exist independently of one another
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sociology looks at a broad range of institutions, which are?
structures in society like education, economics, and politics to better understand social relationships
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sociological imagination?
a quality of the mind that allows us to understand the relationship between our particular situation in life and what is happening at a social level
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sociologists are?
interested in all aspects of society
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society?
a group of people who shape their lives in patterned ways that distinguish their group from other groups
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culture shock?
happens when you experience a sense of disorientation upon entering a new environment
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behaviors that seem ____ in one society of culture may seen ___ ____ in another context
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beginner's mind?
to explore the social world we must clear our minds of stereotypes, expectations and opinions so that we are more receptive to our experiences
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whose idea was the beginners mind?
Bernard mcgrane
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microsociology?
examines small group interactions to see how they impact larger institutions in society
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macrosociology
examines large scale social structures to determine how they impact groups and individuals
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who coined the term sociological imagination?
C. Wright mills
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who said,"To understand social life, we must understand the intersection between biography and history"?
C.Wright mills
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what did auguste comte state?
that sociology needed to be treated like any other scientific discipline
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who laid the groundwork for future sociologists and helped build the discipline
auguste comte
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sociological theories?
propositions that explain the social world and help to make predictions about future events
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what are theories also referred to as?
- approaches
- schools of thought
- paradigms
- perspectives
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harriet Martineau?
social activist who traveled the US and wrote about social changes that were radical for that time period
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what did Martineau do?
she translated comte's work into English, making his ideas accessible to England and america
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who was the first great English speaking sociologist?
Herbert spencer
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who coined the term "survival of the fittest"?
herbert spencer
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herbert spencer's philosophy?
social darwinism
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what did herbert spencer believe?
societies evolve through time by adapting to their changing environment
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what did emile Durkheim do
she worked to establish sociology as an important academic discipline
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who studied the correlation between social isolation and suicide?
emile durkheim
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what was Durkheim interested in?
the social factors that bond and hold people together
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Karl marx?
a german philosopher and political activist
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what did marx contribute?
sociology's conflict theory
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social inequality
the unequal distribution of wealth, power, or prestige among members of a society
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what did marx believe?
that capitalism was creating social inequality between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat
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bourgeoisie?
- owners
- the class of modern capitalists who own the means of production and employ wage laborers
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means of production?
money, factories, natural resources and land
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according to marx, inequality leads to?
class conflict
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conflict
generated by the competition between different class groups for scarce resources and the source of all social change according to Marx
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what was max weber concerned with?
- rationalization
- disenchantment
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rationalization?
applying economic logic to all human activity
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disenchantment
the result of the dehumanizing features of modern societies
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what was George herbert mead interested in?
connection between thought and action, and between the individual and society
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what did mead suggest?
the meanings that we give to objects in our society are social processes
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social processes?
people interact and meanings come from these intereactions
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erving goffman was interested in?
how the "self" is developed through interactions with others in society
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what term did Goffman use?
dramaturgy
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dramaturgy
describes the way people strategically present themselves to others
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paradigms?
- schools of thought
- ways of thinking or theoretical umbrellas meant to provide a broad explanation for the way things work
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structural functionalism
society is viewed as an ordered system of interrelated parts, or structures
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structures
the social institutions that make up society (family, education, politics, the economy)
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conflict theory
- sees social conflict as the basic of society
- modern school of thought
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symbolic interactionism
sees interaction and meaning as central to society and assumes that meanings are not inherent but rather are created through interaction
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feminist theory
looks at both gender inequalities in society and the way that gender structures the social world and considers remedies to these inequalities
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queer theory
proposes that categories of sexual identity are social constructs and that no sexual category is fundamentally either deviant or normal
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postmordernist theory?
suggests that social reality is diverse, pluralistic and constantly changing
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