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Macromolecules are built from _______.
smaller molecules
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________ are the four major "classes" of macromolecules in living systems.
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
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Carbon has ______ valence electrons.
4
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Carbon atoms can form ______ bonds with a large variety of other atoms.
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______ made of carbon and ______, can be branched or _______ chains or _______.
- hydrocarbons
- hydrogen
- unbranched
- rings
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______ isomers are compounds that differ in the covalent arrangements of their atoms.
structural
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________ isomers are compounds that are different in the spatial arrangement of atoms or groups of atoms.
geometric
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_______ isomers are molecules that are mirror images of one another.
enantiomers
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The ______ of the major organic compounds are a consequence of the types and arrangements of _______ groups.
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R-OH is the symbol for a ______ group, and its chemical nature is _______.
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R-COOH is the symbol for a _____ group, and its chemical nature is _______.
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R-NH2 is the symbol for a ______ group, and its chemical nature is ______.
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Polymers are macromolecules produced by linking ______ together.
monomers
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The process by which polymers are degraded into their subunit components is _______.
hydrolysis
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_______ reactions are used to link subunits to build ______.
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Carbohydrates contain the elements _____, ______, and ______ in a ratio of about 1:2:1.
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The simple sugar ______ is an abundant fuel molecule in most organisms. In cells its structure is usually in a ______ form.
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Disaccharides form when two monosaccharides are bonded by a ________ linkage.
glycosidic
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Two examples would be common table sugar, _______, and the sugar of milk,________.
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Long chains of ______ link together to form a polysaccharide.
simple sugars (monosaccharides)
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_______ is the main storage carbohydrate of plants.
starch
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Starch occurs in two forms. The simpler form, _______, is unbranched
amylose
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Plant cells store starch in organelles called _______.
amyloplasts
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_______ is the main storage carbohydrate of animals.
Glycogen
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_______ is the most abundant carbohydrate on earth and is used to make plant _______.
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_______ is a complex carbohydrate that forms the external skeleton of arthropods.
Chitin
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A carbohydrate combined with a protein forms _______; carbohydrates combined with lipids are called ________.
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Lipids are not defined by _______ but by being _______ in water.
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Lipids are composed of the elements _______.
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A triacylglycerol consists of one ______ molecule combined with 3 ______ molecules.
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These molecules are commonly called _______ and are used for energy _______.
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Saturated fatty acids are solid due to _______.
van der Waals interaction
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Unsaturated fats are ______ due to the presence of carbon ________.
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Trans fats are produced by _____ and mimic _______.
- hydrogenation
- saturated fats
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A phospholipid molecule assumes a distinctive configuration in water because of its _______ property, which means that one end of the molecule is hydrophilic and the other is hydrophobic.
amphipathic
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They are made of a _______ attached to one end to two ______ and at the other end to a _______ group attache to an _______ compound.
- glycerol molecule
- fatty acids
- phosphate
- organic
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Carotenoids consist of five-carbon hydrocarbon monomers known as _______. Animals convert these pigments to _______.
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A steroid consist of ______ atoms arranged in four attache rings, three of which contain ______ carbon atoms and the fourth contains ______.
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_______ is an important example in animal cell membranes.
Cholesterol
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Some chemical mediators are produced by the modification of ______ that have been removed form phospholipids.
fatty acids
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All amino acids contain _______ groups but vary in the _______ group.
- amino and carboxyl
- radical (R)
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_______ amino acids are ones animals cannot synthesize.
Essential
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The bonds that join the subunits of proteins are called ______ bonds.
peptide
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Proteins are large, complex molecules made of subunits called _______.
amino acids
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This bond occurs between the _____ group of one amino acid and the ______ group of the other.
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The ______ of a protein is its 3-D shape, which is key to its _______.
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The levels of organization distinguishable in protein molecules are __________________.
- primary
- secondary
- tertiary
- quaternary
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The amino acid sequence is the primary structure of a _______ and is what other levels are derived from.
polypeptide chain
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Secondary structure results from _______ bonding involving the backbone. The 2 most common types are ______ and ______.
- hydrogen
- x-helix
- b-pleated sheets
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Tertiary structure depends on interactions among ______ and generates the _____ of the overall molecule.
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Quaternary structure results from interactions among ______ to generate a functional protein.
polypeptides
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______ helps proteins fold.
molecular chaperones
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The conformation of a protein determines its _______.
function
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When a proteins loses its shape and function it is called _________.
denaturation
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3 examples of human disease cause by misfolded proteins are _____, ______, and ______.
- Alzheimer's
- Huntington's
- mad cow
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Nucleic acids consist of ______ subunits.
nucleotide
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Each nucleotide subunit in a nucleic acid is composed of a ______ _______ nitrogenous base, a five-carbon ______, and an inorganic ______ group.
- purine or pyrimidine
- sugar
- phosphate
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Nucelotides are connected by _________.
phopodiester linkages
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Energy for life functions is supplied mainly by the nucleotide ______.
ATP
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A compound that has the same molecular formula as another compound but a different structure and different properties.
isomer
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A large molecule consisting of thousands of atoms.
macromolecule
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A single organic compound that links with similar compounds in the formation of a polymer.
monomer
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The degradiation of a compound by the addition of water.
hydrolysis
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A simple sugar.
monosaccharide
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A sugar that consists of six carbons.
hexose
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Two monosaccharides covalently bonded to one another.
disaccharide
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A macromolecule consisting of repeating unit of simple sugars.
polysaccharide
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A starch-forming granule.
amyloplast
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A compound formed of one fatty acid and one glycerol molecule.
monoacylglycerol
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A compound formed of two fatty acids and one glycerol molecule.
diacylglycerol
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A compound formed of three fatty acids and on glycerol molecule.
triacylglycerol
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Having one hydrophilic end and one hydrophobic end.
amphipathic
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A compound consisting of two amino acids.
dipeptide
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A compound consisting of a long chain of amino acids.
polypeptide
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A sugar that consists of five carbons.
pentose
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A molecule composed of one or more phosphate groups, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Nucleotide
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A group of yellow to orange pigments in plants.
Carotenoid
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A large complex organic compound composed of chemically linked amino acid subunits.
Protein
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Complex lipid molecules containing carbon atoms arranged in four interlocking rings.
Steroid
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An organic compound containing an amino group and a carboxyl group.
Amino acid
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The 3-D structure of a protein molecule.
tertiary sturcture
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An organic compound that is made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Hydrocarbon
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Fatlike substance found in cell membranes.
phospholipid
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Polysaccharide used by plants to store energy.
starch
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The principle carbohydrate stored in animal cells.
Glycogen
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