characteristics, composition, and transformations of matter
interactions between types of matter and/or energy
Matter
anything that has mass and occupies space (mass = amount of matter)
Examples: plants, soil, rocks, air (not forms of energy like heat, light, and electricity)
Mass
the amount of matterindependent of the physical state
Example: steam, water, and ice cubes are the same kind of mass
Solid
has a definite shape and a definite volume
Liquid
has an indefinite shape (takes the shape of container) and has a definite volume
Gas
has an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume (assumes the shape and volume of its container)
What does the state of matter depend on?
temperature (increases molecules)
surrounding pressure
strength of the forces holding its structural particles together
Volume
amount of space matter occupies
depends on the physical state
Can water be found in solid, liquid, and vapor (gaseous) forms simultaneously?
True/False
TRUE
Properties of matter
distinguishing characteristic of a substance that is used in its identification and descriptionPhysical or Chemical properties
Physical property
Observe without changing the chemical identity of a substance
Example: color and shape, solid liquid or gas, melting/boiling point
Chemical property
describes the way a substance changes (or resists change) to form a new substance
Example: Flammability (or non-flammability), Decomposition at a high temp (or lack of decomposition), Reaction with chlorine (or lack of reaction with chlorine)
Most often the changes result from the reaction of a substance with one or more other substances
Sometimes energy (heat released; light released) can trigger a change (decomposition)
Physical or Chemical property?
A marshmallow gets black when roasting it in a campfire.
Chemical (changed color)
Physical or Chemical property?
Zinc is a solid at room temperature.
Physical (mentioned its a solid)
Physical or Chemical property?
When rubbing alcohol is rubbed on your skin, it evaporates very quickly.
Physical (evaporation = liquid to gas)
Why is Carbon Monoxide toxic?
binds well to Hemoglobin
How is Carbon Monoxide good?
utilized in the production of steel which requires a series of high-temp reactions with Iron and Carbon Monoxide
Physical or Chemical property?
Iron metal rusts in an atmosphere of moist air.
Chemical (The interaction of iron metal with moist air produces a new substance - rust)
Physical or Chemical property?
Mercury metal is a liquid at room temperature.
Physical (Visually determining the physical state of a substance does not produce a new substance)
Physical or Chemical property?
Nickel metal dissolves in acid to produce a light green solution.
Chemical (A change in color indicates the formation of a new substance)
Physical or Chemical property?
Potassium metal has a melting point of 63 degrees C.
Physical (Measuring the melting point of a substance does not change the substance's composition)
Physical or Chemical property?
Titanium metal can be drawn into thin wires.
Physical
Physical or Chemical property?
Silver metal shows no sign of reaction when placed in hydrochloric acid.
Chemical
Physical or Chemical property?
Copper metal possesses a reddish-brown color.
Physical
Physical or Chemical property?
Beryllium metal, when inhaled in a finely divided form, can produce serious lung disease.
Chemical
Physical Change
process in which a substance changes its physical appearance but not its chemical composition
Example: Change in physical state (melting, boiling, freezing, etc.); Change in state of subdivision with no change in physical state (pulverizing a solid)
Chemical Change
process in which a substance undergoes a change in chemical composition
involves conversion of the material(s) into one or more new substances
Example: Decomposition; Reaction with another substance (methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide and water)
Which one is an example of a chemical change?
C) Burning of wood (combustion reaction; burning is a chemical change involving oxygen)
The fashioning of a piece of wood into a round table leg involves a _________ change.
(physical or chemical)
physical (the table leg is still wood. no new substances have been formed)
The vigorous reaction of potassium metal with water to produce hydrogen gas is _______ change.
(physical or chemical)
chemical (a new substance, hydrogen, is produced)
Straightening a bent piece of iron with a hammer is an example of a _______ change.
(physical or chemical)
physical (the piece of iron is still a piece of iron)
The ignition and burning of a match involve a ______ change.
(physical or chemical)
chemical (new gaseous substances as well as heat and light, are produced as the match burns)
The destruction of a newspaper through burning involves a ______ change.
(physical or chemical)
chemical
The grating of a piece of cheese is a ______ change.
(physical or chemical)
physical
The heating of a blue powdered material to produce a white glassy substance and a gas is a _______ change.
(physical or chemical)
chemical
The crushing of ice cubes to make ice chips is a ________ change.
(physical or chemical)
physical
Pure Substances
only one substance present
definite and constant composition
properties always the same under the same conditions
Example: water to carbon dioxide
Mixture
physical combination of two or more pure substances
composition can vary
properties can vary with composition
each substance retains their own chemical identity
Example: salt water
Homogeneous Mixture
one visible phase (part)
same properties throughout
Example: Koolaid, air, gasoline, brass
Heterogeneous Mixture
two or more visible phases (parts)
different properties in different phases
Example: Chocolate chip cookies, soil, oil and water (not shaken)
Pure Substance - Element
cannot be broken down into simpler pure substances by chemical means (such as a chemical reaction, and electric current, heat, or a beam of light)
building blocks for all other types of matter
118 elements known
Example: gold, silver, copper
Pure Substance - Compound
can be broken down into two or more simpler pure substances by chemical means (not physical means)
chemical combination of two or more elements
have definite, constant, elemental composition
Example: water, carbon dioxide, ammonia
Breakdown of the 118 known elements
88 occur naturally
30 have been synthesized (lab created)
Classify ice water
(hetero, homo, pure substance, compound, element)
Does the sample of matter have the same properties throughout? NO=heterogeneous.
Are two or more different substances present? NO=pure substance. Can the pure substance be broken down into simpler substances? YES=compound
Names & Symbols of Elements
some by first and second letter
some reflect their Latin derived names
some are named after names of people or places
John Dalton used to use picture symbols rather than letters (we don't use them anymore because many more have been discovered since)
Greek Prefix for #1
Mono-
Greek Prefix for #2
Di-
Greek Prefix for #3
Tri-
Greek Prefix for #4
Tetra-
Greek Prefix for #5
Penta-
Greek Prefix for #6
Hexa-
Greek Prefix for #7
Hepta-
Greek Prefix for #8
Octa-
Greek Prefix for #9
Nona-
Greek Prefix for #10
Deca-
Classify XeF4 as:
1) diatomic, triatomic, etc.
2) homoatomic or heteroatomic
3) element or compound