Microbiology Chapter 3.txt

Subgroups of species that have special characteristics to survive in their ecological surroundings

That part of the earth where life occurs, including air, soil and water

• Maintain a relatively steady internal state
• Homeo = similar
• Statis = state

• Bacterial cells live in communal associations where survival requires chemical communication between cells.
• The cells become embedded in a matrix of excreted polymeric substances
• Consists of charged and neutral particles that hold the biofilm together and cement to surfaces

Ability of bacteria to sense their numbers and then communicate and coordinate behavior, including gene expression via signaling molecules

AKA plasma membrane

The internal cell environment in which chemical reactions occur

If all the cell structures are removed from the cytoplasm, cytosol remains and consists of water, salts, ions and organic compounds.

• An RNA protein machine that cranks out proteins based on the genetic instructions it receives from the DNA.
• Although the pattern for protein synthesis is identical, structurally bacterial ribosomes are smaller than their counterparts in eukaryotic cells
• Reader of RNA to make protein

Structurally discrete, often membrane enclosed, sub-cellular compartments that carry out specialized functions. Bacterial cells also have subcellular compartments that are not readily visible or membrane enclosed.

Designed to transport protein and lipids into an out of eukaryotic cells.

Consists of flat membranes to which ribosomes are attached (rough ER involved in protein and lipid synthesis) and tube like membranes without ribosomes (smooth ER involved in protein and lipid transport).

Membrane enclosed spheres involved with secretion and storage

A group of independent stacks of flattened membranes and vesicles where the proteins and lipids coming from the ER are processed, sorted and packaged for transport.

Somewhat circular membrane enclosed sacs containing digestive (hydrolytic) enzymes and are derived from the Golgi apparatus and in protozoal cells break down captured food materials.

Areas of bacteria cells that represent a type of organelle

• All cells convert chemical energy into cellular energy for cellular work.
• In eukaryotic microbes, this occurs in the cytosol and mitochondria
• In prokaryotic microbes this occurs in the cytosol and cell membrane

• Conversion of light energy into chemical energy.
• Some bacteria such as cyanobacteria can do this

Interconnected system of cytoplasmic fibers, threads, and interwoven molecules that give structure to the cell and assist in the transport of materials throughout the cell. Bacterial cells don't have a cytoskeleton.

Microtubules that are the main components of the cytoskeleton and originate from the centrosome and microfilaments, each assembled from different protein subunits.

Mechanical force for motility

• Protozoa movement.
• Bacteria don't have

• Homeostasis is an organism's ability to maintain a stable internal state
• Many prokaryotes live in communal associations called biofilms
• Myxobacteria live in a social community dependent on cell-to-cell interaction and communication
• Prokaryotes carry out many of the same cellular processes as eukaryotes
• All organisms have similar genetic organization whereby heredity material is expressed
• Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have internal compartments
• Metabolism occurs in the cytoplasm
• Ribosomes are involved in protein synthesis
• Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes use flagella for motility, though the flagella differ structurally and functionally in the two groups
• Many prokaryotes and eukaryotes have a cell wall to help maintain water balance

• Eukaryotes have membrane-enclosed organelles
• Protein/lipid transport in eukaryotes is carried out by the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
• Mitochondria perform cellular respiration in eukaryotes
• Both eukaryotes and prokaryotes can perform photosynthesis

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton gives the cell structure and transports materials within the cell

• Prokaryote
• No organelles
• 1 circular chromosome
• Smaller ribosomes
• Complex cell wall
• Eukaryote
• Organelles
• More than one chromosome
• Larger ribosomes
• No or simple cell wall

• Cytoplasm
• Ribosome
• Chromosome (DNA)
• Cell wall
• Cell membrane

• Centrosome
• Flagellum
• Free ribosomes
• Mitochondion
• Nuclear evelope
• Chromosomes (DNA)
• Ribosomes attached to endoplasmic reticulum
• Cilla
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum
• Cytoskeleton
• Plasma membrane
• Lysosome
• Cytoplasm
• Golgi apparatus
• Metabolism
• All the chemical reactions occurring in an organism or cell

Classify organisms

• Domain - ie Eukarya
• Kingdom - ie Animalia
• Phylum - ie Chordata
• Class - ie Mammalia
• Order - ie Primates
• Family - ie Hominidae
• Genus - Homo
• Species - sapiens
• Subspecies
• Strain
• Morphotype
• Variety

• Monera - Prokaryotae, bacteria
• Protistas - make own food & move
• Fungi - Don't make their own food
• Plantae
• Animalia

In the mid-1700s, Carolus Linnaeus published Systema Naturae, establishing a uniform system for naming organisms

Each name includes two words, the genus and the specific epithet

• Ocular lens
• Objective lens
• Stage
• Condenser
• Light source