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normal
12-20 breaths per minute - regular
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Tachypnea
- > 24 breaths per minute, shallow.
- associated with fever, anxiety, exercise, respiratory disorders
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Bradypnea
- < 10 breaths per minute
- associated with depression of the respiratory center by medications, brain damage
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Hyperventilation
- increased rate and depth
- associated with extreme exercise, fear, diabetic ketoacidosis, overdose of aspirin
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Hypoventilation
- decreased rate and depth, irregular
- associated with overdose of narcotics or anesthetics
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Cheyne-Stokes respirations
- alternating periods of deep, rapid breathing followed by periods of apnea (no breathing); regular
- associated with drug overdose, heart failure, increased intracranial pressure, renal (kidney) falure
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Biot's respirations
- varying depth and rate of breathing, followed by periods of apnea (no breathing); irregular
- associated with meningitis, severe brain damage
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